可吸入细颗粒物与阿尔茨海默病的相关性研究进展

阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’sdisease,AD）是最常见的认知障碍类型疾病,其病因多元化,近年来一些临床和基础研究的进展提示环境因素,尤其是可吸入细颗粒物在AD的发生中可能起作用,为AD的预防、治疗打开了一扇新的窗户。本文介绍可吸入细颗粒物的概念、可吸入细颗粒物与AD相关性的最新实验及流行病学研究进展,分析可吸入细颗粒物影响认知功能的可能机制,就可吸人细颗粒物与AD的相关性作综述,以期从环境角度探求AD预防及治疗的新思路。     

中枢神经系统感染性疾病的诊疗经验

<正>中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)感染性疾病是全球范围内重要的致残和致死的疾病之一。据世界卫生组织统计,2004年全球大约有70万脑膜炎发生,其中死亡人数约为34万[1]。CNS感染性疾病致病体包括细菌、病毒、真菌、微生物和寄生虫等。大多数情况下放射科医生很难根据异常的影像学表现对CNS感染做出定性     

中青年起病的多巴反应性肌张力障碍5例的护理

目的探讨中青年多巴反应性肌张力障碍(DRD)的临床特点及诊治。方法对5例成年起病的DRD临床资料进行分析,并与儿童型DRD及帕金森病的临床表现进行比较。结果本组5例经积极配合治疗及护理,预后良好。结论中青年DRD是成年后起病,以震颤、肌张力障碍等类帕金森病症状为表现的一种较为罕见的遗传性运动障碍性疾病,早期诊治,加强护理宣教和康复训练,预后良好。     

同心圆硬化的临床表现及影像特点分析

目的总结同心圆硬化（BCG）的临床表现及影像特点。方法对7例均为临床、影像和（或）病理证实的BCG进行分析，总结其临床、影像特点。结果中青年起病，性别差异不明显。多以淡漠、反应迟钝起病，病变多为多发，且病灶较大，但症状及体征相对少。磁共振成像（MRI）检查均可见同心圆改变。结论同心圆硬化是一种特殊类型的脱髓鞘病，发病机制不明，诊断主要依靠MRI检查，激素治疗有效，预后良好。     

急性脑梗死并发急性坏死性胰腺炎一例

患者男,53岁.因"右侧肢体无力、言语不清1 h"于2007年12月29日急诊入院.既往有长期大量饮酒史,脂肪肝,发病前晚饮酒,约100 g.入院体检:BP 180/90mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133 kPa),心肺腹未见异常.言语不清,右上肢肌力2-级,右下肢肌力3-级.血常规及凝血3项正常,头颅CT未见异常.发病2 h给予注射用重组组织纤维蛋白溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)50 mg静脉溶栓.溶栓后肌力改善.     

肛门括约肌肌电图在鉴别诊断多系统萎缩、帕金森病及晚发型脊髓小脑共济失调中的作用

目的 分析多系统萎缩(multipe system atrophy,MSA)、帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)、晚发型脊髓小脑共济失调(1ate-onset spinocerebellar ataxia,LOSCA)患者的肛门括约肌肌电图(external anal sphincter electromyography,EAS-EMG)的差异等电生理改变特点,为临床鉴别诊断提供依据.方法 分别对88例MSA、69例原发性PD、18例LOSCA患者的电生理检查结果进行回顾性分析.结果 EAS-EMG检查中MSA组有84例(95.5%)患者存在不同程度的神经源性受损,表现为运动单位电位(MUPs)平均时限[(12.92±2.59)ms]显著延长、平均波幅[(648.6±251.0)μV]增高、多相波百分比(42.6%±21.2%)增加、异常自发电位与卫星电位多见,与PD[(8.99±0.47)ms、(470.0±91.9)μV、24.2%±11.0%]及LOSCA组[(9.04±0.62)ms、(493.1±113.7)μV、22.0%±12.1%]相比差异有统计学意义(Welch值分别为:94.240、18.093、26.710,均P=0.000).PD及LOSCA组EAS-EMG检查未发现有神经源性受损,也未见自发电位与卫星电位.结论 MSA临床表现可与PD及LOSCA相似,有时容易相互误诊,EAS-EMG检查可提高MSA的正确诊断率,尤其与PD、LOSCA进行鉴别诊断时有较大价值.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the electrophysiological changes, especially in the examination of external anal sphincter electromyography ( EAS-EMG), with those patients diagnosed as multiple system atrophy ( MSA), Parkinson's disease (PD) and late-onset spinocerebellar ataxia (LOSCA) and explore its clinical diagnostic value as well as differential diagnostic value for the three diseases. Methods The clinical data, cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data as well as results of EAS-EMG for 3 groups patients, including 88-cases MSA, 69-cases PD and 18-cases LOSCA, were analyzed retrospectively.Results EAS-EMG showed that 84 cases (95.5%) in MSA group had varying degrees of neurogenic injury. Meanwhile, mean motor unit potentials (MUPs) duration (( 12.92 ± 2.59)ms), mean MUPs amplitude ( ( 648.6 ± 251.0 ) μV ), and MUPs polyphasicity ( percentage of polyphasic MUPs; 42. 6% ±21.2% ) in MSA group were significantly different from those in PD ( ( 8. 99 ± 0. 47 ) ms, (470. 0 ±91.9) μV, 24.2% ±11.0%) and LOSCA groups ((9.04 ±0.62)ms, (493.1 ± 113.7)μV,22.0% ±12. 1%; Welch:94. 240,18. 093,26. 710,all P =0. 000). The spontaneous potentials and satellite potentials showed more common in MSA group, but not in other groups. Conclusions MSA and PD and LOSCA are easily mutually misdiagnosed because of some similar syndromes, but the method of EAS-EMG could be effective and helpful to enhance accurate diagnostic rate of MSA and its differential diagnosis with PD and LOSCA.     

同心圆硬化12例临床及影像学分析

目的 探讨同心圆硬化的临床表现、影像学特征及其诊断价值.方法 回顾12例同心圆硬化患者(门诊2例,住院10例)的临床表现、实验室检查结果、影像学特点及病理结果,并对患者进行随访.结果 12例患者(男4例,女8例)发病年龄8～54岁(平均36.8岁),多以淡漠少语、反应迟钝起病(7例),病程中其他临床表现以智能减退(10例)、肢体活动障碍(8例)、大小便失禁(7例)、肌力减退(7例)、锥体束征阳性(6例)较多见.8例患者行脑脊液髓鞘碱性蛋白检查,其中7例增高.6例行脑活体组织检查,均可见分层脱髓鞘改变,有炎性细胞浸润.病灶数量1例为单发,11例为多发.4例患者行头颅CT检查,病灶均呈低密度影,增强后无强化.MRI检查均可见圆或类圆形影像,增强扫描8例可见环状或半环状强化,易被误诊为脑肿瘤;3例呈同心圆样强化.结论 同心圆硬化常亚急性或慢性起病,首发症状多为认知功能障碍,易被误诊,头颅MRI有特征表现,有诊断价值,激素治疗有效,预后良好,呈良性临床过程.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the clinical features, imaging and their diagnosis vaule of Baló's concentric sclerosis (BCS). Methods The clinical manifestation, laboratory examination, neuroimaging characteristics, pathology and follow-up of 12 (2 outpatients and 10 inpatients) cases of BCS were analyzed retrospectively. Results The onset age of 12 patients (male 4, female 8) ranged from 8 to 54 years old (mean 36.8 years). Unconcerned and slowness response were common in the disease onset (7 cases).Other symptoms and signs such as hypophrenia ( 10 cases), limitation of limb or hand movement (8 cases),urinary and fecal incontinence (7 cases), hypo-myodynamia (7 cases), positive pyramidal sign (6 cases)were not rare in course of disease. Eight cases underwent the examination of cerebrospinal fluid myelin basic protein, which increased in 7 cases. Demyelinating change and perivascular inflammatory infiltration were shown in 6 brain biopsies. The involvements of multi-lesions were found in 11 cases. Four patients underwent CT scanning and all the cases showed with hypodense lesions and couldn' t be enhanced. On MRI, all cases appeared round or round-like in shape. Enhanced lesions showed ring-like or half-ting-like shape (8 cases) and concentric ring (3 cases). It's easy to be misdiagnosed as brain tumor (8 cases).Conclusions BCS is a kind of demyelinating disease of subacute or chronic onset accompanied with cognitive disorder being the most common initiating symptoms. It's prone to be misdiagnosed. Diagnosis depends on MRI and corticosteroid treatment is effective. BCS has a good prognosis and presents with benign clinical course.     

不典型性中枢神经系统Whipple病：一例报告并文献复习

目的结合文献探讨中枢神经系统Whipple病的诊断与治疗特点,以提高对该病的认识。方法回顾分析1例以头痛、左侧肢体无力,伴记忆力减退为首发症状的不典型性中枢神经系统WhiPPle病的临床诊断与治疗经过,并进行文献复习。结果女性患者,35岁。首发症状表现为头痛、肢体无力及记忆力减退,但不伴发热、癫痫发作。病程进展过程中相继出现阵发性四肢抽动、右侧下肢无力、小便失禁、多食、体质量增加、停经、体温波动,大剂量糖皮质激素及青霉素、复方磺胺甲吧唑等抗炎药物治疗无效,随着颅内压逐渐升高,脑疝形成。腰椎穿刺脑脊液检测仅蛋白定量显著升高。脑电图提示右侧前额颞区慢波。MRI呈以右侧大脑半球、额顶颞叶、半卵圆中心及基底节为主的大片长T1、长T2信号,并不均匀疏松团状强化,病灶周围水肿,占位效应明显,并累及左侧大脑半球。病理学检查呈现大片状坏死,脑组织及血管周围大量淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润,伴大量格子细胞渗出,胞质丰富,内含大量六胺银和PAS染色阳性的细小颗粒状物质。排除中枢神经系统肿瘤、脱髓鞘病变及炎性假瘤等疾病。结论中枢神经系统Whipple病极为罕见,临床及影像学表现复杂多样,病理学检查仅能提示特殊感染,治疗困难,误诊率及病死率高。早期进行组织活检,结合临床表现及病理学特征可以明确诊断,经规范的抗生素治疗,患者可获得良好预后。     

肛门括约肌肌电图对多系统萎缩Onuf核损伤的判断

目的分析多系统萎缩的肛门括约肌肌电图特点,探讨其在多系统萎缩Onuf核损伤判断中的价值。方法多系统萎缩患者68例和肌萎缩侧索硬化15例,分别行肛门括约肌肌电图检查,观察静息时有无自发电位;轻收缩(自然状态)时运动单位电位的平均时限、平均波幅、多相波百分比、有无卫星电位;大力收缩(缩肛)时的相型和波幅。对两组各参数进行统计分析。结果多系统萎缩患者组65例(95.6%)肛门括约肌肌电图有不同程度的改变,肌萎缩侧索硬化组未发现异常变化。运动单位电位的平均时限、平均波幅、多相波百分比、自发电位两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.001,P<0.01,P<0.001)。结论多系统萎缩肛门括约肌肌电图的改变,能反映多系统萎缩的Onuf核选择性的弥漫性细胞脱失的特性。在怀疑多系统萎缩Onuf核损伤时,该项检查对损伤的判断有较大价值。