市售鲜鸡蛋中沙门氏菌的分离鉴定及毒力岛基因检测

目的:监测市售鲜鸡蛋中沙门氏菌的污染情况,检测分离菌株的致病性及其毒力岛基因携带情况,了解沙门氏菌分离株毒力岛基因的携带与其致病力的相关性。方法:从陕西省不同地市的超市中随机购买鲜鸡蛋,无菌取其蛋壳膜分离沙门氏菌,聚合酶链式反应方法扩增沙门氏菌菌属特异性invA基因鉴定分离株;对分离菌株进行无特定病原体(SPF)雏鸡的致病性试验,依据GenBank发表的基因序列,设计引物聚合酶链式反应检测沙门氏菌毒力岛(SPI)核心蛋白基因。结果:从陕西省55家超市1100枚鲜蛋中分离鉴定出30株沙门氏菌,分离率达2.73%;动物致病性实验表明,30株沙门氏菌中13株有致病力,其中强致病力菌株有7株,占23.3%;分离菌株的毒力岛基因携带率分别为:SPI-1 60%、SPI-2 73.3%、SPI-3 100%、SPI-4 90%、SPI-5 76.7%,毒力岛基因SPI-1+SPI-2的携带与细菌致病性有关。结论:市售鲜鸡蛋中沙门氏菌携带率为2.73%,分离菌株对动物具有一定的致病力,毒力岛基因SPI-1+SPI-2的携带与沙门氏菌的致病性呈正相关。     

食源性产志贺毒素大肠杆菌的分离及菌株特征分析

了解不同食品中产志贺毒素大肠杆菌的流行情况、菌株特征及潜在致病性。方法 对我国不同地区采集的355份食品样品进行产志贺毒素大肠杆菌分离鉴定,对菌株进行stx1/stx2基因分型、eae等毒力基因检测,并对菌株进行多位点序列分型(MLST)分析。结果 355份样品中44份stx2基因阳性,共分离出11株非O157 产志贺毒素大肠杆菌,其中3株携带stx2a亚型,3株携带stx2e亚型,1株携带stx2b亚型,4株不能分型;5株携带ehxA、saa毒力基因,2株携带subA基因,1株携带katP基因;MLST将11株菌分为7个不同的ST型,存在与溶血性尿毒综合症患者肠出血性大肠杆菌分离株(HUS-associated enterohemorrhagic E.coli,HUSEC)及主要流行血清群产志贺毒素大肠杆菌亲缘关系较近的ST型别。结论 我国食品中存在一定程度的非O157产志贺毒素大肠杆菌污染,部分菌株具有潜在致病性,应加强对食品中STEC的监测。     

产CTX-M-55型超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌全基因组序列耐药和毒力特征研究

目的基于全基因组序列,对2株食源性产CTX-M-55型超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌的耐药和毒力分子机制进行研究。方法采用微量肉汤稀释法对大肠埃希菌食品分离株进行药敏试验,设计产ESBLs基因引物并通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增筛选出2株产CTX-M-55型ESBLs大肠埃希菌(编号为EC001和EC002)进行全基因组测序,并进行序列型(ST)、质粒复制子类型、血清型、耐药基因和毒力因子识别。结果 2株大肠埃希菌均为头孢类和喹诺酮类抗生素双重耐药ESBLs菌株;全基因组序列分析结果显示,2株菌的血清型均为肠道致病性大肠埃希菌(EPEC)O119∶H8,ST型分别为ST21(EC001)和ST342(EC002),EC001菌株含有Inc FII、IncX1、IncY、Col156和IncI2 5个不相容群质粒,EC002菌株含有IncFII和IncX1 2个不相容群质粒,2株菌株染色体中均携带bla_(CTX-M-55)和bla_(TEM-141)2种ESBLs基因。此外,EC001菌株还携带sul2/3、tet(A)/(B)、dfrA12、strA/B、aph(3')-IIa、cml/cmlA1、floR和oqxA/B耐药相关基因,其染色体喹诺酮耐药决定区gyr A基因存在2个突变位点(S83L,D87H)、parC基因存在1个突变位点(S80I),多粘菌素耐药相关基因pmr E基因存在3个突变位点(D73Y,M185T,S225T);而EC002菌株携带fosA和qnrS1耐药相关基因。2株菌均携带致黏附与脱落(A/E)损伤的肠细胞脱落位点(LEE)毒力岛基因esc、esp、eae A和tir,且EC001菌株还携带增强菌株在血清中存活能力的iss基因。结论对2株食源性产CTX-M-55型ESBLs大肠埃希菌进行全基因组测序以及耐药和毒力的分子机制的研究,其结果可为后续开展大肠埃希菌耐药和毒力表型预测、指导食用畜禽养殖过程中抗生素合理使用及耐药菌株防控提供依据。     

新疆零售牛肉中沙门菌毒力基因的检测

目的了解新疆库尔勒市零售牛肉沙门菌污染状况和沙门菌分离株毒力基因携带状况。方法参考食品安全国家标准GB 4789.4-2016的方法,采用培养基培养和沙门菌生化鉴定试剂盒对零售牛肉中的沙门菌进行分离鉴定,并对沙门菌分离株10种毒力基因(inv A、hil A、ssa Q、mgt C、sii D、sop B、spv B、spv C、spv D、spv R)进行PCR检测。结果 317份牛肉样品共检出沙门菌阳性样品28份,分离鉴定到阳性沙门菌28株,污染率为8.8%(28/317);除ssa Q、spv C毒力基因外,其余8种毒力基因均有检出。毒力基因inv A和spv R具有高度的稳定性,携带率均为100%(28/28);毒力基因sii D、spv B和spv D的携带率也较高,分别达78.6%(22/28)、75.0%(21/28)和75.0%(21/28)。结论新疆库尔勒市零售牛肉沙门菌污染较为严重,应采取措施加强对新疆库尔勒市牛肉生产各环节的防控与食品卫生监督。     

食品中蜡样芽孢杆菌的分离及携带毒力基因的检测

为了确定成都市食品中蜡样芽孢杆菌所携带的毒力基因情况,本实验对市售食品共采样130份,通过菌落在MYP培养基上形态特征对蜡样芽孢杆菌进行初步分离,再利用16Sr RNA测序结果进行比对分析,并检测分离菌株携带的管家基因gyr B、rpo B、Vrr A、gro EL进一步确认,最后检测分离菌株携带毒力基因情况。结果表明130份样品中共检出23株蜡样芽孢杆菌,检出率为17.7%;23株分离菌株中,蜡样芽孢杆菌的4个管家基因gyr B、rpo B、Vrr A、gro EL检出率为100%,毒力基因的检测结果表明,nhe B和ent FM在16株分离菌株中检出,检出率为69.6%;nhe A和nhe C在14株分离菌株中检出,检出率为60.9%;hbl D在11株分离菌株中检出,检出率为47.8%;cyt K在10株分离菌株中检出,检出率为43.5%;bce T在9株分离菌株中检出,检出率为39.1%;hbl A和hbl C在8株分离菌株中检出,检出率为34.8%;cer和ces在2株分离菌株中检出,检出率为8.7%;未发现分离菌株携带hbl B和Hly基因。研究结果表明市售食品中分离的蜡样芽孢杆菌毒力基因携带率较高,对食品安全具有潜在威胁,应当引起有关部门注意。     

陕西省典型冷冻食品中大肠杆菌的分子特征及耐药性检测

为了解冷冻食品中大肠杆菌污染情况,分析其潜在的食品安全问题,从陕西省4 市（宝鸡、咸阳、西安和渭南）共收集冷冻食品样品360 份（120 份速冻水饺和240 份冰淇淋）。通过选择培养和聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）进行大肠杆菌分离鉴定。然后对分离株进行21 种毒力基因、23 种耐药基因、15 种抗生素耐药性检测及种群分型。360 份样品中大肠杆菌污染率为13.6%（49/360）,其中5 份样品（10.2%,5/49）大肠菌群计数超过100 CFU/g。21 种被检毒力基因中有9 种毒力基因被检出,以肠外致病性大肠杆菌相关基因FyuA和iss的检出率最高（均为14.3%,7/49）。药敏结果显示,菌株对β-内酰胺类抗生素和叶酸代谢抑制剂的耐药最为普遍（均为98.0%,48/49）,其次为四环素（20.4%,10/49）。其中β-内酰胺类主要编码基因为blaCTX,四环素主要编码基因为tetA。研究还发现1 株分离株携带多黏菌素类抗性基因mcr-9。此外,20.4%的菌株为多重耐药菌株,最多可对13 种抗生素耐药。所有分离株共有4 种系统发育群（A、B1、C和F）,A群为优势群系（63.3%,31/49）。综上,陕西省典型冷冻食品中存在致病性大肠杆菌及耐多药菌株污染,存在通过食物链传播给人的风险。     

食源性致泻大肠杆菌血清型及毒力基因的研究

了解浙江地区食源性致泻大肠杆菌的血清型分布特点及毒力基因携带状况。收集食品安全风险监测点的致泻大肠杆菌分离株,采用玻片凝集法对受试菌株进行血清分型,运用多重PCR检测其携带的毒力基因。在69株受试菌株中,优势血清型包括O148(16株)、O159(11株)、O6(4株)、O15(4株)、O63(4株)和O78(3株),这六种血清型菌株共计42株,占菌株总数的60.9%。菌株主要携带的毒力基因为ast A(42株)、est Ib(25株)、pic(15株)、esc V(14株)、aggR(14株);最常见的毒力基因组合为ast A+est Ib(25株)。进一步分析发现,携带ast A、est Ib基因的O148和O159的菌株对食品安全存在较大威胁。浙江地区食源性致泻大肠菌的类型以EAEC和ETEC为主,携带的主要毒力基因为ast A和est Ib,优势血清型为O148和O159。     

北疆部分地区食源性大肠杆菌血清型、毒力基因及耐药基因的研究

目的研究北疆部分地区食源性大肠杆菌的优势血清型、毒力基因和耐药基因的相关性。方法采用玻片凝集法测定了大肠杆菌血清型分布,PCR方法调查11种耐药基因和9种毒力基因。结果血清试验,定型菌株26株,分别属于17种血清型,其中O1、O115为优势血清型;PCR结果表明,不含有所检测耐药基因的分离株占12.50%,至少含有2种以及以上的分离株占50.00%,分离株对blaOXA基因携带率高达57.14%;检出率较高的毒力基因为fimC(64.29%)和fimA(25.00%)。结论 O1、O115为主要的血清型,2种血清型菌株拥有的耐药基因谱和毒力基因谱不相同。     

奶牛场采奶环节大肠埃希氏菌分离鉴定及对抗生素和消毒剂的抗性分析

为了解奶牛场采奶过程中大肠埃希氏菌污染状况、菌株所携带毒力基因及其对抗生素和消毒剂抗性.选择成都市某奶牛场随机采集655份样品,对致病性大肠埃希氏菌进行分离鉴定,并检测分离株携带的毒力基因、耐药基因以及抗消毒剂基因,筛选出毒力强菌株,分别检测菌株对抗生素和消毒剂的敏感性.结果 表明,一共分离得到249株大肠埃希氏菌,鉴...     

基于全基因组测序的单核细胞增生李斯特菌食品分离株分子特征分析

目的 了解肇庆市单核细胞增生李斯特菌(以下简称单增李斯特菌)食品分离株的基因组特征、毒力岛的携带情况及遗传多样性。方法 对肇庆市13株单增李斯特菌食品分离株进行全基因组测序,将组装好的contings/Scaffolds上传至在线分析平台Center for Genomic Epidemiology、Rast和VFanalyzer进行基因组注释与毒力因子基因鉴定,并应用基于全基因组测序的单核苷酸多态性分型(wg-SNPs)方法与美国生物技术信息中心(NCBI)上获取的25株国内外单增李斯特菌的基因组进行遗传进化分析。结果 13株单增李斯特菌食品分离株的基因组大小为2.82～3.04 Mb,CG含量为37.9%～38.1%,可分为6个ST型(ST1、ST3、ST8、ST59、ST87、ST101),分属于6个克隆复合群(CC1、CC3、CC8、CC59、CC87、CC101)。其中,ST3型菌株均携带LIPI-3毒力岛基因,ST87型菌株均携带完整LIPI-4毒力岛基因。wg-SNPs遗传进化分析显示13株单增李斯特菌食品分离株可分为2个进化分支,其中ST3型菌株位于进化树的根部,与其他ST型菌株进化上存在差异。结论 肇庆市单增李斯特菌食品分离株以高毒力的ST87型和ST3型为流行型,并发现一株同时携带LIPI-1～LIPI-4毒力岛的ST87型菌株,应加强对此类菌株的监测,警惕高毒力菌株在肇庆市引起感染性暴发的风险。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.