浅谈纽马克的翻译理论及其在标题翻译中的应用

语义翻译和交际翻译以及文本范畴理论是纽马克翻译理论的核心内容，它为翻译实践提供了新的视角。标题作为一部作品的重要组成部分，在翻译时，如果灵活应用了纽马克的翻译理论，特别是语义翻译／交际翻译，译文标题一定会贴切、生动、突出，更好地发挥其吸引目标群体的功能。本文以四类典型标题的翻译为例，通过不同案例的对比、分析，探讨了纽马克翻译理论在标题翻译中的功用和妙用。     

纽马克的翻译类型模式及其应用研究

纽马克的翻译理论中最主要观点是将翻译文本类型进行分类,并提出了语义翻译、交际翻译的概念。详细阐释了纽马克的翻译类型模式,并将其模式运用于翻译实践。     

Geometrically Non-Linear Rapid Heating of Temperature-Dependent Circular FGM Plates

Based on the uncoupled thermoelasticity assumptions, axisymmetric thermally induced vibrations of a circular plate made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) are analyzed. Each thermomechanical property of the circular plate is assumed to be functions of temperature and thickness coordinate. Solution of the transient one-dimensional heat conduction equation with the arbitrary type of time-dependent boundary conditions is carried out employing the central finite difference method combined with the Crank–Nicolson time marching scheme. Afterwards, with the establishment of the associated Hamilton's principle and the accountancy of the von Kármán type of geometrical non-linearity, the motion equations are obtained with the aid of the conventional multi-term Ritz method. The solution of highly coupled non-linear motion equations is obtained utilizing a hybrid iterative Newton–Raphson–Newmark scheme. After validating the developed computer code, some parametric studies are accomplished to show the influences of various involved parameters. It is shown that temperature dependency, geometrical non-linearity, plate thickness, power law index, and the type of thermal in-plane and out-of-plane mechanical boundary conditions, all affect the temporal evolution of plate characteristics.     

文本类型翻译理论与翻译标准的再讨论

不同类型的本需要不同的翻译标准，表达型本的翻译既要忠实原的思想内容，又要忠实原的语言风格；信息型本的翻译要忠实原的“真实性”；号召型本的翻译则要忠实于读的反应。纽马克的本范畴理论为翻译标准的研究提供了新的视点。     

人同此心，心同此理——中外译家对诗歌翻译中“seed”的诠释

Bassnett提出了诗歌翻译中“Transplandng the seed”这一概念，但她并未对“seed”下一个明确的定义。文章从Bassnett、Newmark、Bamstone、林语堂、翁显良、许渊冲、刘重德等中外译家的相关论述着手，分析诗歌翻译该翻译什么、侧重点又是什么等问题。虽然“诗无达诂，译无定法”，但中外译家的认识却颇具共同之处：译诗首先保留的是诗之内容，是“精神”、“神韵”或“意境”，其次才是形式。完全的形似是不可能的，应保留原诗的节奏感和音乐美。     

Seismic motion response and fragility analyses of cantilever retaining walls with cohesive backfill

The seismic motion response of a cantilever retaining wall with cohesive and cohesionless backfill materials was evaluated using fully dynamic analysis based on finite difference method. The dynamic analysis was validated based on experimental test results and then compared to analytical and empirical correlations based on Newmark sliding block method. Seven different earthquake events and the backfills with low to high levels of cohesion were considered. Nonlinear regression analyses were carried out to provide correlations between free-field peak ground acceleration (PGA) and maximum relative displacement of the retaining wall. These results were compared to results from empirical and analytical methods. Furthermore, fragility analyses were conducted to determine the probability of damage to the retaining wall for different free-field PGAs and backfill cohesions. It is demonstrated to what extent a small amount of cohesion in backfill material can influence displacement of the retaining wall and probability of damage in seismic conditions.     

Newmark滑块分析法评价土质边坡地震稳定性的研究进展

Newmark滑块分析法是评价边坡地震稳定性的一种实用方法,已广泛应用于边坡地震永久位移的计算中。主要针对近几十年来Newmark滑块分析法的发展及应用进行回顾,包括传统的Newmark刚塑性滑块法、Makdisi-Seed法、简化地震位移法、Bray-Travasarou概率分析法、耦合多滑块Newmark法和振动台模型试验,并进行简要论述,指出上述方法存在的问题和今后的发展方向。     

Seismic stability and permanent displacement of landfill along liners

The three-part wedge limit equilibrium method for seismic stability analysis of the landfill along liners is presented. The approximate solutions of the factor of safety and the yield acceleration coefficient are obtained. Parametric studies show that the interface strength of liners, the shear strength of waste and the height of retaining wall can influence the seismic stability of landfill along liners. The density and the shear wave velocity of the field waste are obtained by the borehole investigation and the spectral analysis of surface wave (SASW), respectively. The strain-dependent shear modulus and damping ratio of the artifical waste are obtained by the moderate-scale dynamic triaxial tests. The one-dimensional (1D) equivalent linear dynamic response analysis is used to calculate the horizontal equivalent seismic coefficient-time history of the sliding landfill during earthquake. The seismic permanent displacement of the landfill along liners with different site conditons and heights is evaluated by the Newmark method. The catculated results show that ratio of k _y/k _max, site conditions, the amplitude and frequency content of the bedrock motion can affect the seismic permanent displacement of the landfill along liners in some degree. Finally, the seismic stability and permanent displacements of three expanded configurations of a certain landfill case are analyzed. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No: 50538080) and National Distinguished Young Scientist Foundation of China (Grant No: 50425825)     

结构动力学逐步积分算法稳定性讨论

美国著名计算结构力学专家、地震工程专家Ray W Clough和Anil K Chopra分别写有在全世界范围内有很大影响的专著《DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURES》.两部著作在关于逐步积分算法的论述中都曾指出加速度由当前位移和速度代入运动方程求解将能得到更好的结果.但这一点存在可商榷之处,为避免读者误用,从算法的稳定性出发,经分析指出:专著观点应用于Newmark法增量格式时确实使得算法的谱半径有所减小;然而,应用于Newmark法全量格式时,算法特性并未发生改变,结果得不到改善;此外,书中给出了增量格式Wilsonθ法的推导步骤,按此推导的算法相对于全量格式稳定界限发生了改变——只有当θ≥1.5时算法才是无条件稳定的.如果误将加速度由当前位移和速度代入运动方程求解推广到Wilsonθ法全量格式,算法的稳定性将变得非常差.     

浅议纽马克的翻译文本观

纽马克根据布勒的语言功能理论,提出语言有三大功能：表达功能、信息功能和呼唤功能。进而将文本归为三类：表达型文本、信息型文本和呼唤型文本。本文从纽马克的文本分类和翻译方法出发,阐明其翻译文本观,即文本类型的多样性决定了译文文本类型的多样性,并导致了翻译策略的多样性。