白蛋白纳米粒药物传递系统的研究进展

目的综述白蛋白纳米粒作为药物传递系统的最新研究进展。方法依据国内外研究文章及专利文献共63篇,将白蛋白的性质及功能、白蛋白纳米粒的制备工艺、靶向肿瘤作用机理、上市药物及其临床前和临床实验结果进行了概括。结果白蛋白是一种良好的药物载体,显示独特的靶向肿瘤机理;白蛋白纳米粒的制备方法中二硫键形成法相对于其他制备方法具有显著优点,避免了很多基于溶剂传递的传统剂型中存在的潜在问题,由其制备的上市药物紫杉醇白蛋白纳米粒(Abraxane)具有较好的临床疗效。结论白蛋白纳米粒给药系统的研究有着重要的临床意义及发展前景。     

伊曲康唑白蛋白纳米粒混悬液的制备与体外评价

目的 制备伊曲康唑白蛋白纳米粒混悬液,并优化其处方和制备工艺,同时对所优化的白蛋白纳米粒混悬液进行评价。方法 采用单因素实验法筛选超高压微射流技术制备伊曲康唑白蛋白纳米粒混悬液的处方和制备工艺,考察了白蛋白纳米粒混悬液的外观形态、粒径分布等理化性质以及体外释药情况。结果 制备的伊曲康唑白蛋白纳米粒混悬液呈圆整的球形或类球形分布,平均粒径为(108.1±32.8)nm,PdI为0.205,Zeta电位为(-47.6±1.7)mV;伊曲康唑白蛋白纳米粒在0.5%聚山梨酯-80磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.4)中24h累积释放73.5%。结论 采用超高压微射流技术制备伊曲康唑白蛋白纳米粒混悬液,工艺简便可行,重现性好,有望工业化生产。     

贝伐单抗介导的阿霉素白蛋白纳米粒的制备与优化

目的采用Box-Behnken效应面法优化贝伐单抗介导的阿霉素白蛋白纳米粒制备工艺。方法在采用去溶剂化-固化交联法制备出的阿霉素白蛋白纳米粒的基础上,用异型双功能交联剂NHS-PEG3500-MAL作为偶联剂,将贝伐单抗偶联到载药白蛋白纳米粒表面。以2-亚氨基硫烷盐酸盐用量、载药白蛋白纳米粒与贝伐单抗质量比、NHS-PEG3500-MAL用量为影响因素,以纳米粒粒径、载药量和包封率作为评价指标,用三因素三水平的Box-Be-hnken效应面法设计试验,并对免疫纳米粒的制备进行优化;考察制备出的免疫纳米粒的抗体活性保存率及稳定性。结果优化后的处方是2-亚氨基硫烷盐酸盐50μg、DOX-A-NPs与Bevacizumab质量比为27.5 mg.mg-1、NHS-PEG3500-MAL用量为8.8 mg,以此处方制得的免疫纳米粒粒径为(216.1±2.31)nm、载药量为(28.93±0.94)%、包封率为(80.39±2.83)%,测得值与预测值相差较小。结论采用Box-Behnken效应面法优化并制备阿霉素白蛋白免疫纳米粒是可行的。     

紫杉醇白蛋白纳米粒抗肿瘤临床研究进展

以白蛋白为载体的紫杉醇纳米粒在抗肿瘤方面发挥了重要作用。本文对紫杉醇白蛋白纳米粒体内药动学过程、纳米粒转运机制进行探讨,并就近几年来紫杉醇白蛋白纳米粒在乳腺癌、非小细胞肺癌及其他恶性肿瘤方面的临床研究作一综述,为临床应用提供借鉴。     

磁性纳米粒阿霉素微球制备的初探

目的:制备靶向抗癌药物即磁性纳米粒阿霉素白蛋白微球.方法:以阿霉素(ADR)、人血清白蛋白(HSA)和纳米Fe3O4为材料,采用乳化高温固化法制备出磁性纳米粒阿霉素白蛋白微球,并利用Hrtem对其包裹结合性能进行了观察,同时采用HPLC法对其载药量进行测试.结果:有效载药量为2.35%、表观载药量为3.55%.结论:采用乳化高温固化法能制备出磁性纳米粒阿霉素白蛋白微球.     

肝细胞靶向甘草酸表面修饰白蛋白纳米粒的制备工艺

目的研究能主动靶向于肝实质细胞的甘草酸表面修饰白蛋白纳米粒的制备工艺。方法去溶剂化法制备普通纳米粒，以高碘酸盐氧化法制备甘草酸-白蛋白纳米粒偶联物。用2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸显色法与凝胶柱色谱法验证是否偶联成功，HPLC法测定修饰纳米粒表面甘草酸密度。结果修饰纳米粒表面活性氨基数量较对照组减少19.6%；偶联于纳米粒表面的甘草酸密度为9.2%。纳米粒形态圆整，平均粒径为73 nm，在25 ℃和37 ℃条件下放置10 d后，性质稳定。结论甘草酸表面修饰白蛋白纳米粒制备成功，为进一步研究其对肝细胞的靶向性奠定了实验基础。     

半乳糖化阿霉素白蛋白纳米粒的制备及其质量评价

目的:制备半乳糖化阿霉素白蛋白纳米粒,并考察了其形态、粒径、载药量、包封率和体外释药特性.方法:采用相分离法制备阿霉素白蛋白纳米粒,并在其表面偶联半乳糖苷,使之成为半乳糖化白蛋白纳米粒.激光扫描电子显微镜观察纳米粒的形态,马尔文激光粒度仪测定其粒径分布.采用紫外分光光度法测定纳米粒的载药量和包封率,并初步研究其体外释药特性.结果:电镜结果显示阿霉素纳米粒呈类球型,平均粒径为316.3 nm,纳米粒载药量为3.12%,包封率达91.82%,48 h体外累积释药率为55.71%.结论:本方法制备阿霉素纳米粒工艺简单且包封率较高.体外释药结果显示半乳糖化阿霉素白蛋白纳米粒具有明显的缓释作用.     

替尼泊苷多层包衣白蛋白纳米粒的制备工艺及体外抗肿瘤活性

目的以人血清白蛋白为载体包载替尼泊苷,经过包衣修饰后制备包载替尼泊苷的多层包衣纳米粒(teniposide-encapsulated multilayer nanoparticles,P-CS-NP),以期降低药物的不良反应并改善其体外抗肿瘤活性。方法以粒径、多分散指数和载药率为评价指标,采用单一因素法筛选出替尼泊苷白蛋白纳米粒的最优处方工艺,通过加入壳聚糖和聚谷氨酸聚乙二醇共聚物进一步制备多层包衣白蛋白纳米粒,筛选得到最优包衣量。以游离的替尼泊苷作为参比,用MTT法测定纳米粒对人肺癌A549细胞的体外细胞毒性,并用流式细胞仪和共聚焦显微镜测定和观察多层包衣纳米粒的细胞摄取率和细胞摄取行为。结果确定了多层包衣纳米粒的处方及制备工艺。多层包衣纳米粒的体外细胞毒性比游离的替尼泊苷小,摄取具有时间依赖性,与壳聚糖共孵育的纳米粒的细胞摄取量增加,入胞后纳米粒主要分布在细胞质。结论白蛋白纳米粒能被壳聚糖和聚谷氨酸聚乙二醇共聚物包衣修饰,多层包衣纳米粒可以作为替尼泊苷的药物递送载体,其体外细胞毒性降低。     

姜黄素白蛋白纳米粒的制备与评价

目的:优化姜黄素白蛋白纳米粒的处方工艺并对其特性进行表征。方法:以牛血清白蛋白为载体、通过反溶剂沉淀法制备载姜黄素纳米粒,以粒径为评价指标优选制剂处方及工艺,并考察所得纳米粒的放置稳定性、饱和溶解度及体外溶出度。结果:当有机相和水相体积之比为1∶20、药物与白蛋白用量之比为1∶1.5、保护剂为0.5%(V/V)甘露醇时,所得纳米粒冻干粉平均粒径约为320 nm。其在水、p H 6.8、p H 7.4 PBS中的溶解度显著高于原料药及物理共混物,体外溶出更快,且冻干粉的放置稳定性优于纳米混悬液。结论:白蛋白纳米粒处方能够改善姜黄素的水溶性及溶出度,放置稳定性较佳。     

去甲斑蝥素白蛋白纳米粒的制备及质量评价

摘 要 目的：制备去甲斑蝥素白蛋白纳米粒,并考察其理化性质。方法: 采用超高压微射流技术制备去甲斑蝥素白蛋白纳米粒,以白蛋白纳米粒的平均粒径和药物包封率作为评价指标,首先应用Plackett Burman试验设计法筛选出对白蛋白纳米粒性质影响显著的处方和工艺变量,再通过Box Behnken试验设计法对筛选的变量进一步优化。考察了去甲斑蝥素白蛋白纳米粒的外观形态、粒径分布和Zeta电位及体外释药行为。结果:通过优化制备的去甲斑蝥素白蛋白纳米粒呈类球形分布,平均粒径为（105.2±30.1）nm,PdI为0.127,Zeta电位为（-24.7±1.9）mV,在0.5%吐温80磷酸盐缓冲液（pH 7.4）中24 h的累积释放度为81.4%。结论:采用超高压微射流技术制备去甲斑蝥素白蛋白纳米粒,工艺简便可行,重复性好,有望工业化生产。     

Doxorubicin-loaded,pH-sensitive Albumin Nanoparticles for Lung Cancer Cell Targeting

In recent decades, scientific and medical communities have continuously sought new methods and chemistries to improve the treatment of cancer. Among many types of nanoparticles considered as carriers for drug delivery, the protein ones count among the safest. The present study aimed to investigate the physicochemical and biological effects of the supplementation of albumin nanoparticles with doxorubicin (DOX). DOX was co-precipitated with albumin in a desolvation process and entrapped inside the cross-linked albumin nanoparticles, where it disrupted the protein structure at various levels: (a) it reduced the particle size distribution homogeneity; (b) it extended the peptide bond length; (c) it lowered the thermal stability of albumin; (d) it lowered the crystallinity of the protein. Physicochemical mechanisms underlying these changes are discussed. The drug release was incomplete under the physiological conditions, but the nanoparticles fully released their chemotherapeutic payload when pH was decreased by a single unit from the physiological value. Because the extracellular pH of tumors is usually by a single pH unit lower than that of healthy tissues, this environmentally responsive drug delivery system composed of albumin nanoparticles may be applicable in the targeting of cancer cells. In vitro assays against human lung cancer cells demonstrated that DOX released from albumin nanoparticles had a four times higher apoptotic activity than the equivalent concentration of free DOX. The ability of albumin to prevent the agglomeration of partially hydrophobic DOX and release it at a sustained, zero-order rate over the first 12 h of incubation, with no burst effect, explains this ability to augment the activity of DOX against the lung cancer cells.     

Enhanced Cytotoxicity to Cancer Cells by Codelivery and Controlled Release of Paclitaxel‐loaded Sirolimus‐conjugated Albumin Nanoparticles

Recently, it is suggested that mTOR signaling pathway is an important mediator in many cancers especially breast cancer. Therefore, effects of sirolimus as a mTOR inhibitor in breast cancer have been studied in combination with paclitaxel with or without controlled release effect. In this work, we prepared a water‐soluble formulation of sirolimus‐conjugated albumin nanoparticles loaded with paclitaxel, to study the effects of sirolimus concentration when it releases more later than paclitaxel in comparison with sirolimus–paclitaxel‐loaded albumin nanoparticles. Also effects of paclitaxel loading on cytotoxic properties of nanoparticles were studied. Sirolimus was succinylated at 42‐OH with enzymatic reaction of Candida antarctica lipase B, and then its carboxylic group was activated with EDC/NHS and conjugated to the lysine residues of albumin. Paclitaxel was loaded on albumin surface by nab technique in concentration range of 0–10 μg/mL. Sirolimus‐conjugated nanoparticles with 0.01 μg/mL paclitaxel showed lowest cell viability of 44% while it was 53% for non‐conjugated nanoparticles in MDA‐MB‐468 cell lines after 48 h (p‐value = 0.003). In MCF‐7 cell lines, sirolimus‐conjugated nanoparticles with 0.1 μg/mL paclitaxel showed lowest cell viability of 35.69% while it was 48% for non‐conjugated nanoparticles after 48 h (p‐value = 0.03). We guess that when cancer cell lines arrest in G2‐M by anticancer drugs like paclitaxel, Akt activates mTOR to make cells continue living, then inhibiting mTOR can enhance anticancer effects.     

Preparation and characterization of paclitaxel palmitate albumin nanoparticles with high loading efficacy: an in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor study in mouse models

BackgroundCombination of the prodrug technique with an albumin nano drug-loaded system is a novel promising approach for cancer treatment. However, the long-lasting and far-reaching challenge for the treatment of cancers lies in how to construct the albumin nanometer drug delivery system with lead compounds and their derivatives.MethodsIn this study, we reported the preparation of injectable albumin nanoparticles (NPs) with a high and quantitative drug loading system based on the Nab^TM technology of paclitaxel palmitate (PTX-PA).ResultsOur experimental study on drug tissue distribution in vivo demonstrated that the paclitaxel palmitate albumin nanoparticles (Nab-PTX-PA) remained in the tumor for a longer time post-injection. Compared with saline and paclitaxel albumin nanoparticles (Abraxane^®), intravenous injection of Nab-PTX-PA not only reduced the toxicity of the drug in normal organs, and increased the body weight of the animals but maintained sustained release of paclitaxel (PTX) in the tumor, thereby displaying an excellent antitumor activity. Blood routine analysis showed that Nab-PTX-PA had fewer adverse effects or less toxicity to the normal organs, and it inhibited tumor cell proliferation more effectively as compared with commercial paclitaxel albumin nanoparticles.ConclusionsThis carrier strategy for small molecule drugs is based on naturally evolved interactions between long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and Human Serum Albumin (HSA), demonstrated here for PTX. Nab-PTX-PA shows higher antitumor efficacy in vivo in breast cancer models. On the whole, this novel injectable Nab-PTX-PA has great potential as an effective drug delivery system in the treatment of breast cancer.     

Uptake of nanoparticles by alveolar macrophages is triggered by surfactant protein A

Understanding the bio-nano interactions in the lungs upon the inhalation of nanoparticles is a major challenge in both pulmonary nanomedicine and nanotoxicology. To investigate the effect of pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A) on the interaction between nanoparticles and alveolar macrophages, we used magnetite nanoparticles (110-180 nm in diameter) coated with different polymers (starch, carboxymethyldextran, chitosan, poly-maleic-oleic acid, phosphatidylcholine). Cellular binding and uptake of nanoparticles by alveolar macrophages was increased for nanoparticles treated with SP-A, whereas albumin, the prevailing protein in plasma, led to a significant decrease. A significantly different adsorption pattern of SP-A, compared to albumin was found for these five different nanomaterials. This study provides evidence that after inhalation of nanoparticles, a different protein coating and thus different biological behavior may result compared to direct administration to the bloodstream. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: In this nano-toxicology study of inhaled nanoparticles, the authors investigated the effect of pulmonary surfactant protein A on the interaction between nanoparticles and alveolar macrophages utilizing magnetite nanoparticles coated with different polymers (starch, carboxymethyldextran, chitosan, poly-maleic-oleic acid, phosphatidylcholine). Cellular binding and uptake of nanoparticles increased for nanoparticles treated with SP-A, whereas albumin, the prevailing protein in plasma, led to a significant decrease.     

Toxicological effects of three types of silver nanoparticles and their salt precursors acting on human U-937 and HL-60 cells

The growing popularity of nanomaterials requires a systematic study of their effects on the human body. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), due to their antiseptic properties, are used in almost every area of life. The purpose of the study was to examine whether the precursor used for the synthesis of nanoparticles affects their bio-influence and modifies their impact on cells of the human immune system. To compare the effects of precursor silver salts (AgNO₃, CH₃COOAg and AgClO₄) and corresponding nanoparticles (TAN TAA and TAC) cytotoxicity study was conducted on two cell lines U-937 and HL-60. For both cell lines, silver salts are more toxic than the corresponding nanoparticles. Cell viability after treatment with the two forms of silver (salt/particle) is dependent on silver dose and degree of cells differentiation. Addition of the silver salt of doses greater than 5?mg/L results in decreased cell viability by over 60%, whereas nanoparticles’ addition reduces cell viability on average by 30%. On the basis of the determined LD₅₀ values it can be stated that for the tested cells the most toxic are AgClO₄ and TAC. Production of nitric oxide, which is a mediator of inflammation, is the greatest after treatment of the cells by TAC. Different interactions of studied nanoparticles with albumin has been found and it was shown that addition of albumin to the cells treated by nanoparticles reduces their toxic effects. Obtained by us highly purified, mono-disperse AgNPs exhibit diverse effects relative to the biological systems, depending on the precursor salt used.     

Development and in vivo evaluation of chitosan nanoparticles for the oral delivery of albumin

Albumin is used as a plasma expander in critically ill patients and for several other clinical applications mainly via intravenous infusion. Oral administration of albumin can improve patient compliance although limited oral bioavailability of proteins is still a major challenge. Although nanomaterials have been extensively utilized for improving oral delivery of proteins, albumin has been utilized only as either a model drug or as a carrier for drug delivery. In the current study, for the first time, chitosan nanoparticles have been developed and extensively optimized to improve oral bioavailability of albumin as a therapeutic protein. Several characterizations have been performed for the albumin-loaded nanoparticles (e.g. drug encapsulation efficiency, DSC, FTIR, particle size, zeta potential, morphology, release kinetics, and enzymatic stability). Nanosized spherical particles were prepared and demonstrated high stability over three months either in a powdered form or as suspensions. Sustained release of albumin over time and high enzymatic stability as compared to the free albumin were observed. In vivo, higher serum concentrations of albumin in normal rabbits and cirrhotic rats were attained following oral and intraperitoneal administrations of the albumin-loaded nanoparticles as compared to the free albumin. The nanoparticles developed in the current study might provide efficient nanovehicles for oral administration of therapeutic albumin.     

Facilitated nanoscale delivery of insulin across intestinal membrane models

The effect of nanoparticulate delivery system on enhancing insulin permeation through intestinal membrane was evaluated in different intestinal epithelial models using cell cultures and excised intestinal tissues. Multilayered nanoparticles were formulated by encapsulating insulin within a core consisting of alginate and dextran sulfate nucleating around calcium and binding to poloxamer, stabilized by chitosan, and subsequently coated with albumin. Insulin permeation through Caco-2 cell monolayer was enhanced 2.1-fold, facilitated by the nanoparticles compared with insulin alone, 3.7-fold through a mucus-secreting Caco-2/HT29 co-culture, and 3.9-fold through excised intestinal mucosa of Wistar rats. Correlation of Caco-2/HT29 co-culture cells with the animal-model intestinal membrane demonstrates that the mucus layer plays a significant role in determining the effectiveness of oral nanoformulations in delivering poorly absorbed drugs. Albumin was applied to the nanoparticles as outermost coat to protect insulin through shielding from proteolytic degradation. The effect of the albumin layering on insulin permeation was compared with albumin-free nanoparticles that mimic the result of albumin being enzymatically removed during gastric and intestinal transport. Results showed that albumin layering is important toward improving insulin transport across the intestinal membrane, possibly by stabilizing insulin in the intestinal conditions. Transcellular permeation was evidenced by internalization of independently labeled insulin and nanoparticles into enterocytes, in which insulin appeared to remain associated with the nanoparticles. Transcellular transport of insulin through rat intestinal mucosa may represent the predominant mechanism by which nanoparticles facilitate insulin permeation. Nanoformulations demonstrated biocompatibility with rat intestinal mucosa through determination of cell viability via monitoring of mitochondrial dehydrogenases. Insulin permeation facilitated by the biocompatible nanoparticles suggests a potential carrier system in delivering protein-based drugs by the oral route.