不同贮藏温度下冷却猪肉货架期预测模型的构建

建立冷却猪肉中特定腐败菌的货架期预测模型。将气单胞菌接种到经80℃无菌水灭菌的猪精腿肉中,分别密封包装于0、4、7、15℃和20℃温度贮藏,测定各温度下接种猪肉的菌落总数(N)、pH值、TVBN值、TBA值,并进行感官评分。采用Origin 8.0分析软件对数据进行处理,结果表明:修正的Gompertz方程能较好地拟合不同温度下气单胞菌的生长动态,应用平方根模型(B lehrádek)描述温度对最大比生长速率(μmax)和迟滞期(Lag)的影响,均表现出良好的线性关系,R2分别为0.93和0.95。猪肉在0、4、7、15℃和20℃温度下气单胞菌的感官货架期终点菌数对数平均值为(6.33±0.14)(lg(CFU/g)),平均最大菌数对数为(7.36±0.21)(lg(CFU/g)),得到在0～20℃贮藏温度下冷却猪肉的货架期预测模型为SL=[1/(0.026T-0.00048)2]-[(7.36-lgN0)/2.718×(0.0102T+0.148)2]×{ln[-ln(6.33-lgN0)/(7.36-lgN0)]-1}。通过8℃和12℃贮藏温度下冷却猪肉的货架期实测值对构建的预测模型进行验证,相对误差均小于10%,表明建立的模型可以有效地预测冷却猪肉在0～20℃贮藏温度下的货架期。     

盐焗鸡贮藏品质变化及货架期预测模型

为了探讨盐焗鸡在不同贮藏温度(25、30、37℃)下品质变化及货架期预测模型的构建,通过对其在储藏过程中p H值、挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)值、菌落总数及感官变化进行分析,采用指数模型、修正的Gompertz和Logistic模型对盐焗鸡微生物生长情况进行描述,结果表明:p H值先上升后又逐渐下降;挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)和菌落总数随着贮藏时间增加而不断增大;感官评价总分随着贮藏时间延长而不断下降;其中修正的Gompertz模型优于指数模型和Logistic模型,Arrhenius比Bělehrádek方程更适合描述温度对最大比生长速率(μm)、延滞时间(Lag)2个参数的影响。     

鲟鱼中荧光假单胞菌生长预测模型构建及货架期预测

为快速预测有氧贮藏鲟鱼的货架期、预防鱼肉变质,通过将鲟鱼有氧冰藏条件下的特定腐败菌（荧光假单胞菌）接种于灭菌鲟鱼片后置于0、4、10、15、20 ℃有氧贮藏,分析其生长动态及货架期终点的感官评分、pH值和挥发性盐基氮值,在以修正的Gompertz方程为一级模型的基础上,分别以平方根方程和Arrhenius方程为二级模型,建立并验证荧光假单胞菌的生长预测模型。结果显示：荧光假单胞菌菌数的最小腐败值为（7.35±0.05）（lg（CFU/g））;同时,分别在8 ℃和波动温度条件下对模型验证的结果表明：基于平方根方程的荧光假单胞菌生长预测模型的残差分布在－0.09～0.10之间,准确度Af为1.14、1.17,偏差度Bf为0.97、1.02,货架期预测相对误差为－7.95%、－3.28%;而基于Arrhenius方程的模型误差较大,其中残差分布在－0.17～0.24之间,Af为1.21、1.31,Bf为0.94、1.08,货架期预测相对误差为24.87%、7.54%。因此,基于平方根方程建立的模型可以更有效地预测有氧包装鲟鱼在0～20 ℃贮藏温度条件下的荧光假单胞菌的生长及相应货架期。     

托盘包装鲟鱼中腐败希瓦氏菌和总菌的生长动力学及货架期预测

为研究托盘包装鲟鱼中特定腐败菌腐败希瓦氏菌和总菌的生长规律,用不同的微生物生长模型进行拟合,以此为基础建立并评价了货架期预测模型。以修正的Gompertz方程为一级模型,平方根方程为二级模型,建立腐败希瓦氏菌和总菌在0~20℃的生长预测模型和货架期预测模型。进一步通过托盘包装鲟鱼片在8℃和波动温度下贮藏数据对模型进行验证,结果显示腐败希瓦氏菌生长预测模型的准确度Af为1.28、1.35,偏差度Bf为0.91、1.08,货架期预测相对误差为5.23%、3.83%;而总菌的生长预测模型的Af为1.45、1.30,Bf为0.92、0.96,货架期预测相对误差为-4.40%、2.02%。以上结果表明根据两类微生物生长动力学建立的货架期预测模型对0~20℃贮藏的托盘包装鲟鱼货架期预测效果好,具有一定的实用价值。     

冷链条件下气调包装酱卤鸭肉制品货架期预测模型的建立

目的 以气调包装酱卤鸭肉制品为研究对象,在冷链温度范围内建立一套准确、高效的货架期预测模型。方法 利用选择性培养基测定不同温度下产品各微生物数量,确定4~25℃条件下产品优势腐败菌。对乳酸菌数量与感官评定值进行了回归分析确定最小腐败量Ns。分别采用修正的Gompertz方程和平方根方程建立一、二级模型,并通过预测值与实测值对比验证模型的可靠性。结果 确定了4~25℃条件下产品优势腐败菌为乳酸菌,最小腐败量Ns=6.14(lg(cfu /g))。一、二级模型拟合度均良好,三种温度下模型预测值与实际值间的差异均在30％左右,波动幅度在10%以内。结论 实现了对4~25℃内任何时间点产品剩余货架期的预测,为冷链条件下气调包装酱卤鸭肉制品品质的变化提供了理论指导。     

市售五香牛肉货架期预测模型的建立

以菌落总数为指标建立微生物生长模型及散装五香牛肉货架期预测模型.将市售散装五香牛肉分割贮藏,测定了4、7、10℃条件下,贮藏期内样品菌落总数的变化.对恒定温度下的五香牛肉建立微生物初级生长模型、平方根二级模型及货架期预测模型.建立菌落总数的一级模型(Gompertz方程),拟合度在95％以上;平方根二级模型的R2值为0.998,温度与生长速率的平方根呈良好的线性关系,并且残差值在0上下浮动.     

冷鲜黄羽肉鸡货架期预测模型的建立与评价

为建立冷鲜黄羽肉鸡的货架期预测模型,将冷鲜黄羽肉鸡用托盘包装后,置于-1、4、10、15、20℃贮藏,分别测定不同贮藏时间的细菌总数,同时对4℃贮藏的冷鲜黄羽肉鸡的挥发性盐基氮进行分析,确定最小腐败限控量NS为5.67 lg(CFU/g)。使用修正的Gompertz模型、Baranyi模型及修正的Logistic模型分别描述细菌总数随时间变化的情况,并使用平方根模型描述一级模型所得参数随温度变化的情况。通过比较各模型所得的参数、回归系数(R~2)、偏差因子(B_f)、准确因子(A_f)以及二级模型的残差平方和(RSS),确定修正的Gompertz的拟合优度最好。在以修正的Gompertz模型为生长预测模型的基础上,构建冷鲜黄羽肉鸡的货架期预测模型,结果显示5种温度下的预测值与实测值之间的相对均误差均小于10%,表明建立的模型能够快速准确的预测-1~20℃贮藏条件下冷鲜黄羽肉鸡的货架期。     

鲜切紫薯中酵母菌和乳酸菌货架期模型的构建

用Gompertz模型对不同温度条件下真空包装鲜切紫薯中酵母菌和乳酸菌的生长曲线进行一级模型拟合,并通过计算准确因子（Af）和偏差因子（Bf）验证的生长模型的准确性;利用平方根模型和Arrhenius模型构建酵母菌和乳酸菌的二级模型,比较两种模型的优劣性;依据真空紫薯感官评价判定紫薯的腐败限控量,对其货架期预测模型进行构建和验证。结果表明,Gompertz模型能较好地拟合不同温度条件下2 种菌的生长情况（R2在0.9左右）,数学检验参数Af、Bf接近1.0,均在接受范围;通过不同二级模型动力学参数的比较,2 种菌均为用平方根模型拟合二级模型较优;紫薯选用酵母菌作为指示菌预测货架期较好,其腐败限控量为6.64 （lg（CFU/g））,选定4 ℃条件构建并验证货架期预测模型可靠性,实测值为7.0 d,预测值为7.737 d,预测效果良好。     

冷链条件下马鲛鱼优势腐败菌生长动力学研究及货架期预测

为快速预测冷链马鲛鱼在不同冷链物流温度下优势腐败菌生长动态及货架期,进行了马鲛鱼0,4,10℃下3种典型冷链温度的贮藏模拟试验,分析了马鲛鱼不同温度下的菌落总数、希瓦氏菌数和假单胞菌数以及各个温度下马鲛鱼货架期终点时的挥发性盐基氮含量和感官评定质量指数,采用修正的Gompertz和Belehradek方程建立了冷链马鲛鱼中优势腐败菌在0~10℃的一级、二级生长预测模型与货架期预测模型。结果表明,修正的Gompertz方程能准确表达马鲛鱼在3种贮藏温度下假单胞菌的生长规律,拟合度R^2高达0.99,采用Belehradek方程描述温度对最大比生长速率(μ_max)和延滞期(λ)的影响呈现良好的线性关系,相关性R^2>0.90。进一步用贮藏于2,8℃马鲛鱼中假单胞菌数来验证模型的可靠性,偏差度为1.010 4~1.024 5,准确度为1.026 8~1.038 7,货架期预测模型的相对误差绝对值为6.09%~8.95%。     

气调包装鸭胸肉中假单胞菌生长预测模型的建立

以气调包装的分割鸭胸肉制品为研究对象,研究在0~20℃温度条件下假单胞菌的生长预测模型。结果表明:根据5℃温度下的挥发性盐基氮值、菌落总数、假单胞菌落数、感官评价等指标确定腐控值为6.3442(1g(CFU/g))。Gompertz一级模型可以很准确地描述假单胞菌的生长。绘制不同温度下假单胞菌的实际值和预测值生长曲线,重合度较好。验证一级模型的预测效果,准确因子(A_1)、偏差因子(B_1)均在1左右,模型拟合效果较好。用平方根模型构建了假单胞菌的二级模型,描述了最大比生长速率和延滞期与温度变化的关系。在一级模型和二级模型的基础上建立货架期预测模型,以7℃为贮藏参考温度,对货架期预测模型进行了验证。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.