特征匹配结合自适应阈值的图像伪造检测

针对现有图像复制移动伪造检测方法对图像中存在同质纹理或均匀区域检测困难、相关参数阈值选择影响检测等问题,提出一种基于特征匹配与自适应阈值的图像复制移动伪造检测方法。首先通过定义和优化成本函数来制定交互作用机制,包括匹配和变换估计步骤;然后在迭代过程中执行步骤,使相关阈值的选择和估计更合理,自动识别和定位伪造区域;最后采用检测系统的相互作用关系,检测并修正步骤中发生的错误。实验结果表明:相比传统的复制移动伪造检测方法,在对伪造图像的像素图像精度水平、旋转和缩放的鲁棒性、检测专业伪造图像以及变换矩阵的精度等不同情况,所提方法效率更高。     

基于DWT和形态学滤波的图像伪造检测方法

针对图像中复制-移动和拼接形式的图像伪造检测,提出一种基于离散小波变换(DWT)和形态学滤波的图像伪造检测方法。首先,将图像转换为灰度图,通过应用DWT获得LH、HL和HH子带。然后,通过阈值判断来获得伪造图像区域的边缘,并通过形态学滤波来连接边缘使其清晰化。最后,提取伪造区域的SIFT特征,并通过相似性检测来寻找图像中与伪造区域相似的区域,以此来确定伪造类型。实验结果表明,该方法能够准确检测出伪造区域和伪造类型。     

离散小波变换耦合静电场理论的图像快速伪造检测算法

为了解决当前图像伪造检测算法主要是在图像空域中定位伪造区域,难以降低图像维数,使其复杂度大;且不能有效检测几何变换篡改形式的伪造区域,导致其鲁棒性不佳的不足,提出了离散小波变换耦合静电场理论的图像伪造检测算法;首先,引入离散小波变换,提取伪造图像的低频子带,降低图像空间;再基于静电场理论,将提取子带映射到虚拟电场中,提取鲁棒性较强的特征,利用Radix排序算法对特征完成重组,形成特征矩阵;最后,定义相同仿射变换,并用其处理排序矩阵,完成伪造区域检测;实验测试结果显示:与当前的移动复制伪造检测技术相比,所提算法具有更高的定位效率与检测精度;同时拥有较强的鲁棒性,有效抗击几何变换篡改;该算法能够高效精确检测几何变换伪造形式的图像内容。     

大尺寸图片的复制粘贴检测*

针对目前图像复制粘贴检测算法有时间复杂度高、当图像中有光滑区域时错检率大的缺点,将图像角点区域及其八方向邻接圆形区域作为伪造检测区域,提取每个检测区域的矩特征后用k-d树进行排序,并通过比较每个区域矩特征的相似性来定位伪造复制区域.该算法效率高,且对经过旋转、添加噪声、模糊、JPEG压缩等后处理的复制粘贴伪造图像检测效果很好.     

基于多支持区域局部亮度序的图像伪造检测

图像伪造检测是目前数字图像处理领域中的一个研究热点,其中复制-粘贴是最常用的伪造手段。由于伪造区域在粘贴前会被进行一定的尺度、旋转、JPEG压缩、添加噪声等操作,这使得检测伪造区域具有一定的挑战性。针对图像复制-粘贴伪造技术,提出一种基于多支持区域局部亮度序模式（LIOP）的图像伪造检测算法。首先,利用最大稳定极值区域（MSER）算法提取具有仿射不变性的区域作为支持区域;其次,利用非抽样Contourlet变换得到不同尺度、不同分辨率和不同方向的多个支持区域;然后,在每个支持区域上提取同时具有旋转不变性和单调亮度不变性的LIOP描述子,并利用双向距离比值法实现特征初匹配;接着,采用空间聚类将匹配的特征进行归类,进而用随机抽样一致性（RANSAC）算法对每个归类进行几何变换参数估计;最后,使用必要的后处理等操作来检测出伪造区域。实验表明,提出的算法具有较高的伪造检测精度与可信度。     

下采样对数字图像伪造检测的影响分析

在数字图像伪造检测中,取证过程容易导致伪造痕迹丢失,造成图像内容鉴别困难。为此,研究数字图像伪造检测方法的可靠性。给出图像复制-移动伪造检测流程,分析下采样处理对图像伪造检测的影响。理论分析与实验结果表明,在一定情况下,下采样处理会移除数字图像的伪造痕迹,影响检测结果。     

基于均值漂移的图像复制粘贴伪造盲检测

针对传统图像复制粘贴伪造盲检测算法存在的耗时长、计算量大、检测精度不高的问题,提出了一种基于均值漂移(MS)的图像复制粘贴伪造盲检测算法。该方法提取图像的加速稳健特征(SURF)特征点,通过最近邻匹配方法进行特征匹配,滤除冗余点,初步定位复制粘贴伪造区域。利用均值漂移将具有相同或相似属性的图像像素分割为同一区域,借助匹配后的SURF特征点与其所在均值漂移分割区域的位置依赖关系确定伪造区域,并采用边缘直方图和HSV颜色直方图衡量特征点所在分割区域与相邻区域间的相似度,将大于相似度阈值的邻域划分到复制粘贴伪造区域中,进一步细化伪造检测结果,最终实现图像的复制粘贴伪造盲检测。实验结果表明,在细节轮廓清晰和灰度值变化明显的图像中,该算法能够达到比较理想的检测效果,能够鲁棒地、高效地检测出图像的复制粘贴伪造区域。     

基于小波和奇异值分解的图像复制伪造区域检测

针对数字图像取证中一类常见的复制粘贴图像伪造,本文提出了一种基于小波变换和奇异值分解的检测算法.该算法利用小波变换提取图像的低频分量,对低频分量分块提取奇异值特征,这种特征描述形式对图像羽化或边缘模糊等处理具有鲁棒性.然后将特征矢量进行按行字典排序,并且配合图像块的偏移位置信息,进行图像复制伪造区域的检测和定位.实验表明该算法能够较精确地定位出复制和粘贴的图像伪造区域,并有效地减少了运算量,提高了检测效率.     

基于噪声分布规律的伪造图像盲检测算法*

提出了一种基于噪声分布规律的伪造图像盲检测方法。首先利用基于边缘保护的滤波方法检测出图像中的噪声;然后计算图像中同质区域噪声的均值、方差和信噪比等统计量,通过比较图像中同质区域的噪声分布规律的相似性程度实现伪造图像鉴别。实验证明该算法能有效地检测出伪造图像。     

凸优化耦合传感器模式噪声的图像伪造检测

现有的图像伪造检测算法主要是借助局部像素与恒虚警率来决策真伪,且忽略了源图像的强烈空间相关性,使算法鲁棒性不佳,难以检测微小尺寸伪造;对此,根据成像传感器的独特随机特性,设计传感器模式噪声检测思想;并提出了凸优化机制耦合传感器模式噪声的图像伪造检测算法;基于光响应非均匀性噪声,联合马尔可夫随机场与贝叶斯规则,设计传感器模式噪声;并构造最佳图像标记像素的先验概率模型;嵌入贝叶斯规则,代替恒虚警率,考虑源图像的强烈空间依赖性,联合整个图像像素,确定最大概率标记像素映射;设计凸优化机制,将图像伪造检测转换为凸问题,提高算法检测效率;并分析了不同伪造区域尺寸对算法检测的影响;仿真结果表明:与当前图像伪造检测算法相比,文章算法具备更好的接收机工作特征;以及更高的检测精度与检测效率.     

Geometric transformations parameters estimation from copy-move forgery using image blobs and keypoints

A copy-move forgery is a passive tampering wherein one or more regions have been copied and pasted within the same image. Often, geometric transformations, including scale, rotation, and rotation+scale are applied to the forged areas to conceal the counterfeits to the copy-move forgery detection methods. Recently, copy-move forgery detection using image blobs have been used to tackle the limitation of the existing detection methods. However, the main limitation of blobs-based copy-move forgery detection methods is the inability to perform the geometric transformation estimation. To tackle the above-mentioned limitation, this article presents a technique that detects copy-move forgery and estimates the geometric transformation parameters between the authentic region and its duplicate using image blobs and scale-rotation invariant keypoints. The proposed algorithm involves the following steps: image blobs are found in the image being analyzed; scale-rotation invariant features are extracted; the keypoints that are located within the same blob are identified; feature matching is performed between keypoints that are located within different blobs to find similar features; finally, the blobs with matched keypoints are post-processed and a 2D affine transformations is computed to estimate the geometric transformation parameters. Our technique is flexible and can easily take in various scale-rotation invariant keypoints including AKAZE, ORB, BRISK, SURF, and SIFT to enhance the effectiveness. The proposed algorithm is implemented and evaluated on images forged with copy-move regions combined with geometric transformation from standard datasets. The experimental results indicate that the new algorithm is effective for geometric transformation parameters estimation.

     

基于超像素形状特征的图像复制粘贴篡改检测算法

针对传统图像复制粘贴篡改检测方法中划分子块的数目过大导致算法时间复杂度过高且抵抗几何变换能力较弱的问题,提出一种基于超像素形状特征的图像复制粘贴篡改检测算法.首先提出基于小波对比度自适应划分超像素的方法分割图像并提取稳定的特征点;然后提出新颖的形状编码方式提取超像素形状特征,并与特征点融合,估计可疑伪造区域;最后对可疑伪造区域进行二次超像素分割和匹配,精确定位篡改区域.实验结果表明,提出的算法具有抵抗几何变换、噪声、模糊和JPEG压缩的能力.     

A passive authentication scheme for copy-move forgery based on package clustering algorithm

Copy-move forgery as one of popular methods is widely used to tamper digital images. Passive authentication is extensively used to detect the copy-move forgery images. This paper proposes a passive authentication scheme for copy-move forgery based on the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and the package clustering algorithm. The copy regions and paste regions can be automatically detected in doctored digital images. This scheme works by first applying the DCT to small fixed image blocks to obtain their features and the size of feature vectors are reduced. Moreover, the package clustering algorithm is applied to replace the general lexicographic order technologies to improve the detection precision. The similar blocks can be found by comparing the feature vectors in each package. The experimental results represent that the proposed scheme can locate irregular and meaningful tampered regions and multiply duplicated regions in a suspicious image. The duplicated regions can also be located in digital images that are distorted by adding white Gaussian noise, Gaussian blurring and their mixed operations.     

Copy-Move Geometric Tampering Estimation Through Enhanced SIFT Detector Method

Digital picture forgery detection has recently become a popular and significant topic in image processing. Due to advancements in image processing and the availability of sophisticated software, picture fabrication may hide evidence and hinder the detection of such criminal cases. The practice of modifying original photographic images to generate a forged image is known as digital image forging. A section of an image is copied and pasted into another part of the same image to hide an item or duplicate particular image elements in copy-move forgery. In order to make the forgeries real and inconspicuous, geometric or post-processing techniques are frequently performed on tampered regions during the tampering process. In Copy-Move forgery detection, the high similarity between the tampered regions and the source regions has become crucial evidence. The most frequent way for detecting copy-move forgeries is to partition the images into overlapping square blocks and utilize Discrete cosine transform (DCT) components as block representations. Due to the high dimensionality of the feature space, Gaussian Radial basis function (RBF) kernel based Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to minimize the dimensionality of the feature vector representation, which improves feature matching efficiency. In this paper, we propose to use a novel enhanced Scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) detector method called as RootSIFT, combined with the similarity measures to mark the tampered areas in the image. The proposed method outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods in terms of matching time complexity, detection reliability, and forgery location accuracy, according to the experimental results. The F1 score of the proposed method is 92.3% while the literature methods are around 90% on an average.     

基于自适应提点鲁棒定位的图像复制粘贴篡改检测

复制-粘贴篡改检测(Copy-Move Forgery Detection, CMFD)是数字图像篡改的一种常见方式, 近年来已成为多媒体取证领域一个重要的研究方向. 本文提出一种鲁棒的复制-粘贴篡改检测算法, 基于构造波动函数自适应获取阈值的方法均匀提取图像特征点, 可在篡改区域小或平滑的情况下进行鲁棒检测. 引入DBQ-LSH匹配算法进行特征匹配, 降低了时间复杂度. 提出基于不变矩LBP图像的定位方法, 在图像受到噪声攻击和JPEG压缩攻击下能精准定位篡改位置. 实验结果表明, 该算法具有优良的检测正确率(图像级)和检测精度 (像素级).     

基于半色调技术的印前图像篡改检测方法

本文印前图像特指图像数字排版经编辑确认后的数字印刷样张,其以栅格处理器分色后的加网二进制形式存储.数字样张一经确认,其来源的合法性便不受怀疑.但是,从印刷的整体流程来看,数字样张的存储、传输过程中仍有较大的篡改风险.现有的复制移动篡改检测算法存在特征维度高、计算开销大或检测率较低等问题,而且不适用于分色后的二进制样张.本文提出了一种基于半色调图像网点密度特征的Copy-Move篡改检测方法,该方法针对分色处理后的CMYK目标图像的二值量化处理,采用滑动分块的方法对目标图像进行分块,通过提取图像块CMYK四个通道的局部网点密度特征对图像块进行篡改检测.实验结果表明,该方法在图像篡改检测上较以往方法相比具有较低的时间复杂度和较高的检测率,并且对图像篡改区域的旋转攻击、小尺度缩放攻击等具有较好的鲁棒性.     

A forgery detection algorithm for exemplar-based inpainting images using multi-region relation

The identification of image authenticity has received much attention because of the increasing power of image editing methods. This paper proposes a novel forgery detection algorithm to recognize tampered inpainting images, which is one of the effective approaches for image manipulation. The proposed algorithm contains two major processes: suspicious region detection and forged region identification. Suspicious region detection searches the similarity blocks in an image to find the suspicious regions and uses a similarity vector field to remove the false positives caused by uniform area. Forged region identification applies a new method, multi-region relation (MRR), to identify the forged regions from the suspicious regions. The proposed approach can effectively recognize if an image is a forged one and identify the forged regions, even for the images containing the uniform background. Moreover, we propose a two-stage searching algorithm based on weight transformation to speed up the computation speed. The experimental results show that the proposed approach has good performance with fast speed under different kinds of inpainting images.     

State of the art in passive digital image forgery detection: copy-move image forgery

Authenticating digital images is increasingly becoming important because digital images carry important information and due to their use in different areas such as courts of law as essential pieces of evidence. Nowadays, authenticating digital images is difficult because manipulating them has become easy as a result of powerful image processing software and human knowledge. The importance and relevance of digital image forensics has attracted various researchers to establish different techniques for detection in image forensics. The core category of image forensics is passive image forgery detection. One of the most important passive forgeries that affect the originality of the image is copy-move digital image forgery, which involves copying one part of the image onto another area of the same image. Various methods have been proposed to detect copy-move forgery that uses different types of transformations. The goal of this paper is to determine which copy-move forgery detection methods are best for different image attributes such as JPEG compression, scaling, rotation. The advantages and drawbacks of each method are also highlighted. Thus, the current state-of-the-art image forgery detection techniques are discussed along with their advantages and drawbacks.     

基于区域划分和四元数的彩色图像复制粘贴篡改检测

现有的篡改检测方法中特征点提取不充分会导致篡改检测精度不高,特征点描述符识别率差,针对该问题提出一种基于颜色矩的区域划分和四元数Hu矩的彩色图像复制粘贴篡改检测算法。首先,使用自适应形态重建算法对图像进行超像素分割,通过密度聚类算法对图像自适应划分区域;其次,提出一种关键点提取方法得到均匀的SIFT特征点;然后,在一种新颖的彩色图像四元数表示方法中构建局部高斯金字塔提取Hu矩特征;最后,利用2NN进行特征匹配后,结合Delaunay三角形算法定位出复制粘贴篡改区域。在公共数据集上的实验结果表明,该算法可以更有效地定位篡改区域。     

Forgery detection using feature-clustering in recompressed JPEG images

JPEG images are widely used in a large range of applications. The properties of JPEG compression can be used for detection of forgery in digital images. The forgery in JPEG images requires the image to be resaved thereby, re-compression of image. Therefore, the traces of recompression can be identified in order to detect manipulation. In this paper, a method to detect forgery in JPEG image is presented and an algorithm is designed to classify the image blocks as forged or non-forged based on a particular feature present in multi-compressed JPEG images. The method performs better than the previous methods which use the probability based approach for detecting forgery in JPEG images.