花生分离蛋白制备工艺研究

采用碱提酸沉法从低变性脱脂花生粕中提取花生分离蛋白。探讨了碱提温度、碱提时间、碱提固液比等因素对产品蛋白质含量和得率的影响。通过正交试验优化制备花生分离蛋白的最佳工艺条件为:碱提温度55℃,碱提2次,每次1.5 h,碱提固液比1∶9,碱提pH 9.0,酸沉pH 4.5。在此条件下产品的蛋白质含量为90.87%(N×6.25,干基),得率最高可达38.65%。该产品的氮溶解指数为68.46%,持水性2.3 g/g,吸油性1.3 mL/g,乳化性50.4%,乳化稳定性56.55%。     

紫苏分离蛋白的制备工艺研究

以脱脂紫苏粕为原料,采用碱溶酸沉法制备紫苏分离蛋白.研究了紫苏分离蛋白制备工艺条件,同时测定了产品的功能性质.通过单因素实验和正交实验得出紫苏分离蛋白制备的最佳工艺条件为:碱溶温度55℃,料液比1∶10,碱溶pH 10,碱溶时间60min/次(2次),酸沉pH 4.4.在此工艺条件下紫苏分离蛋白产品得率为24.5%,产品蛋白质含量为91.52%(N×6.25,干基).该产品的氮溶解指数为54.7%,持水性为3.57g/g,吸油性为1.67mL/g,乳化性为42%,乳化稳定性为95.24%.     

响应面法优化黑豆蛋白提取工艺及功能性测定

采用响应面法优化碱溶酸沉提取黑豆蛋白的工艺条件并对其功能特性进行研究,为黑豆蛋白的提取及利用提供理论依据。经Design-Expert 8.0.6.1软件进行响应面分析,优化结果表明:液料比12∶1(mL/g)、pH值为9、提取温度51℃、浸提时间53 min,此时黑豆蛋白提取率为50.45%。黑豆蛋白功能特性研究结果表明,黑豆蛋白的持水性2.10 mL/g,持油性为3.15 mL/g,并且具有良好溶解性,乳化性,乳化稳定性,起泡性及起泡稳定性。试验确定碱溶酸沉提取黑豆蛋白的最佳工艺,测定黑豆蛋白功能性的最优值,为黑豆的精深加工和产品研发提供理论基础。     

大豆饼粕分离蛋白的制取工艺研究

采用碱提酸沉法提取豆粕中的分离蛋白,以蛋白质得率为考察指标,在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验研究从大豆饼粕中提取分离蛋白工艺条件,并对所获得的分离蛋白的溶解性、乳化性、乳化稳定性和起泡性等功能特性进行分析。结果显示,提取分离蛋白的最佳工艺参数为:提取温度60℃、提取时间60 min、料液比1∶20、pH8.5。在此条件下获得蛋白质得率达84.2%,且该分离蛋白具有良好的溶解性、乳化性、乳化稳定性和起泡性。     

燕麦分离蛋白的提取及功能性测定

以裸燕麦为原料,采用传统的碱提酸沉法,在料液比为1∶10 g/mL,pH=8.5(碱提)和pH=4.5(酸沉),T=20℃条件下提取燕麦分离蛋白,蛋白提取率为75%,再在不同的pH、离子强度和蛋白浓度条件下,进行燕麦分离蛋白的功能性测定,测定其乳化活性、起泡性、持水性、粘度。结果得出,燕麦分离蛋白在等电点附近时其乳化活性、起泡性、持水性数值最低,离子强度对各功能性指标的影响各不相同,燕麦分离蛋白粘度与其蛋白浓度成正比。     

豆渣蛋白的制备及其性质研究

以干豆渣为原料,碱溶酸沉法提取豆渣蛋白,通过正交实验优化豆渣蛋白提取条件并测定了豆渣蛋白的性质.结果表明,豆渣蛋白最佳提取条件为:固液比1∶30,碱提pH 12.71,碱提温度50℃,碱提时间1h.在此条件下,豆渣蛋白提取率为75.05％.与大豆分离蛋白(SPI)比较发现,豆渣蛋白泡沫稳定性、乳化稳定性和氨基酸组成与SPI相似,起泡性和乳化性相对较低,溶解性较差.     

低温花生粕蛋白制备及其饮料稳定性分析

以低温花生粕为原料,利用碱溶酸沉法提取花生分离蛋白,继而制备花生蛋白饮料,考察自制花生蛋白饮料的稳定性,并研究其氮溶指数、乳化活性及乳化稳定性等功能特性。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为pH 9.5、碱提温度55℃、料液比1∶11(g/mL)、提取时间2.5 h,此条件下花生分离蛋白提取率可达90.25%。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析显示,其中包含花生蛋白所有特征条带。花生蛋白饮料的平均粒径(D[4,3])为4.31μm,稳定性分析仪测出粒子动态变化斜率(Slope)值为26.66%/h。低温花生粕制备的花生蛋白饮料具有良好的稳定性,这为花生粕高值化利用提供了新方向。     

核桃粕蛋白提取纯化工艺优化及其功能性质分析

为获得优质的核桃粕蛋白,本研究通过单因素实验和响应面法分别对碱溶酸沉法提取核桃粕蛋白工艺和糖化酶纯化核桃粕蛋白工艺条件进行优化,并对其溶解性、吸水性、乳化性等功能性质进行了分析。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为：pH12,温度55℃,时间90 min,料液比1:40 g/mL。在此条件下,核桃粕蛋白的提取率可达到81.89%±1.64%,其沉降点是pH4.5。最佳纯化工艺条件为：pH4.5,料液比1:40 g/mL,酶解时间129 min,酶解温度53℃,加酶量0.4%。经此条件纯化的核桃粕蛋白的纯度可达到94.48%±1.83%。核桃蛋白的功能性质结果表明,中性条件下其溶解度为24.82%,吸水性3.06 g/g,吸油性3.15 g/g,乳化性16.10 m2/g,乳化稳定性为38.87 min,起泡性为30.53%,起泡稳定性为75.44%,在同一pH条件下,纯化后的核桃蛋白具有较好的功能性质。     

杏鲍菇蛋白质提取及功能性质测定

以杏鲍菇副产物为原料,通过干燥、粉碎、碱提、酸沉、回调、冻干等工艺提取杏鲍菇蛋白质。研究了pH值、固液比、提取温度和提取时间等单因素对蛋白质提取率的影响,并经正交试验优化提取工艺条件,分析了杏鲍菇蛋白的等电点、溶解度、吸油性、吸水性、起泡性和起泡稳定性以及乳化性和乳化稳定性。结果表明:杏鲍菇蛋白质适宜提取工艺条件为pH值11.0、固液比1:40(g/mL)、提取时间40 min、杏鲍菇蛋白质提取率为(42.37±1.63)%、纯度(63.4±0.87)%。     

不同提取方式对红花籽粕蛋白提取率及其功能特性的影响

通过盐提、碱提、碱溶酸沉和超声波辅助法得到红花籽粕蛋白,测定提取液中蛋白质提取率、多肽及游离氨基酸含量,比较蛋白的乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性。实验表明:超声波辅助碱溶酸沉法得到的蛋白提取液中蛋白质含量和提取率为最高,达到51.49 mg/mL和26.53%,蛋白质中多肽含量最高,达到6.56 mg/mL;碱法中游离氨基酸含量最高,达到2.14 mg/mL;不同提取方式对红花籽粕蛋白功能特性有影响;红花籽粕蛋白乳化性和乳化稳定性与大豆蛋白类似,当pH7.5时趋于稳定上升,均大于20%,且盐溶法蛋白乳化性最好,超声波辅助法最差;当pH5时红花籽粕蛋白起泡性和起泡稳定性优于大豆蛋白,均超过30%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.