酸法提取菜籽多糖的抗氧化活性研究

为进一步开发利用菜籽资源,本研究从菜籽饼粕中以酸法提取菜籽多糖并对其抗氧化性进行研究。测定指标包括还原能力、DPPH自由基清除能力、羟自由基(.OH)清除能力和超氧阴离子自由基(O-2.)清除能力。结果表明:酸法提取菜籽多糖具有一定的清除.OH、DPPH自由基的能力及还原能力,而且其抗氧化能力与多糖的质量浓度成正相关性;其中,当多糖质量浓度为2mg/mL时,DPPH自由基清除能力能达到49.9%;当多糖质量浓度为4mg/mL时,.OH的清除能力能达到30.4%;但其对于O-2.几乎没有清除作用。     

板栗壳棕色素抗氧化性研究与红外光谱分析

研究了不同溶液提取的板栗壳棕色素的抗氧化性并比较2种栗壳棕色素红外光谱图。用质量分数1%的NaOH溶液和体积分数40%的乙醇溶液分别提取板栗壳棕色素,用总抗氧化性、清除DPPH自由基、清除羟基自由基和清除超氧阴离子4种评价方式,比较碱提栗壳棕色素和醇提栗壳棕色素的抗氧化能力并与通用抗氧化剂VC和BHT做对照。试验结果显示:总抗氧化能力随着样品浓度的增大而增强,VC的总抗氧化能力最强,醇提板栗壳棕色素,碱提栗壳棕色素和BHT的总抗氧化能力比较接近;清除DPPH自由基时,VC清除效果最强,以后依次是醇提栗壳棕色素,碱提栗壳棕色素和BHT,醇提栗壳棕色素的IC50值约为0.02 mg/mL,碱提栗壳棕色素的IC50值约为0.09 mg/mL;清除羟基自由基(.OH)时,随着样品浓度增大对.OH的清除作用增强,碱提栗壳棕色素,醇提栗壳棕色素,BHT和VC的清除效果比较接近;清除超氧阴离子(O2-)时,碱提栗壳棕色素的IC50值约为0.71 mg/mL,醇提棕色素的IC50值约为0.83 mg/mL,清除效果弱于VC和BHT。对2种溶液提取的板栗壳棕色素进行了红外光谱分析,碱提栗壳棕色素和醇提栗壳棕色素的红外光谱图存在差异。     

红肉火龙果果皮色素提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

以红肉火龙果果皮为原料,在单因素试验基础上,根据Box-Behnken试验设计原理采用三因素三水平相应面分析法,优化火龙果果皮色素提取条件;并通过测定其色素提取液对羟自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子自由基(O-2·)和DPPH自由基的清除能力评价其抗氧化活性。结合实际可操作性得出红肉火龙果果皮色素提取的最优工艺条件是:选用体积分数80%乙醇+0.5%柠檬酸(体积比5∶1)为提取剂、液料比为10∶1(m L∶g)、提取温度43℃、提取时间65min。火龙果果皮色素提取液对·OH、O-2·和DPPH·的清除作用明显,清除能力与色素提取液浓度呈一定的正相关关系,但其清除能力稍低于抗坏血酸。     

红树莓花色苷粗提物抗氧化性能与抑菌作用研究

对红树莓花色苷粗提物的抗氧化性能与抑菌作用进行了初步研究.实验首先考察了粗提物对羟自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子(O2-·)自由基的清除作用及对脂质过氧化物的阻抑作用.实验结果表明,红树莓花色苷对羟自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子(O2-·)自由基都有很好的清除作用,而且清除O2-·自由基的能力大于·OH自由基的能力,对猪油中产生的脂质过氧化物也有一定的阻抑作用.同时通过抑菌实验发现,红树莓花色苷对大肠杆菌有较强的抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用较弱,而对霉菌和酵母菌几乎没有抑制作用.     

黑糯玉米芯色素清除O_2~-·和·OH的体外实验研究

研究了黑糯玉米芯色素(BGCP)清除超氧阴离子(O2-.)自由基和羟基自由基(.OH)的能力。用邻苯三酚法测定BGCP对O2-.清除效果;用Fenton体系法测定BGCP对.OH清除效果。结果表明:不同浓度的BGCP对O2-.都有一定的清除作用,在0.02～0.10mg/mL范围内,浓度越大对O2-.的清除率效果越好,随着时间的延长,BGCP对O2-.的清除作用迅速减弱;不同浓度的BGCP对.OH都有一定的清除效果,在0.02～0.10mg/mL范围内,浓度越大对.OH的清除效果越好。     

反丁烯二酸-6-L-抗坏血酸甲酯的合成及抗氧化活性的研究

以浓硫酸为溶剂和催化剂,采用直接酯化法合成反丁烯二酸-6-L-抗坏血酸甲酯(VC酯),对其反应条件进行优化,合成产率可达53.45%,并采用羟基自由基体系、超氧阴离子自由基体系、二苯苦味肼基自由基体系对VC酯、VC的抗氧化活性进行了比较。结果表明:在一定的浓度范围内,两者对.OH、O-2.和DPPH.均有清除作用,并呈一定的量效关系。VC酯对.OH、O-2.和DPPH.的清除能力均优于VC,具有较好的自由基清除作用。     

树舌胞内多糖抗氧化活性的研究

目的:探讨树舌胞内多糖(GAPS)体外抗氧化作用.方法:从清除超氧阴离子自由基、抑制羟基自由基的产生、清除DPPH自由基和还原力4个方面,研究了树舌胞内多糖的体外抗氧化效果.结果:树舌胞内多糖有较强的还原力,并在体外对超氧阴离子自由基(O-2·)、羟基自由基(·OH)、DPPH有机自由基有较强的清除作用.树舌胞内多糖浓度为1.0mg/mL时,其清除O-2·能力为36.36%;对于·OH,在浓度为2.5mg/mL时,清除率达到56.97%;对于DPPH·,在浓度为1.0mg/mL时,清除率达到45.31%;当树舌胞内多糖浓度为0.5mg/mL时的还原能力与0.03mg/mLVc,相当.结论:树舌胞内多糖具有抗氧化方面的应用开发前景.     

紫玉米色素的抗氧化活性研究

试验采用85∶15的80%乙醇与0.2 mol/L的柠檬酸溶液提取紫玉米色素,对其色素的光谱性质做了研究;通过建立DPPH.自由基、羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、还原力、双氧水及Fe2+螯合能力体系等试验,测定并对比了紫玉米和抗坏血酸的抗氧化能力。结果表明:该色素为紫玉米色素,其具有较强的体外抗氧化能力,且清除自由基(DPPH.和.OH、O2.-)的能力明显优于阳性对照抗坏血酸。其色素粗提物在0.04mg/mL时,对DPPH.的清除率达到89.88%;对.OH的清除率达到84.87%;在0.035 mg/mL时,对O2.-的清除率达到85.82%。此外,紫玉米色素粗提物的总还原能力、双氧水清除能力略低于阳性对照抗坏血酸,Fe2+螯合能力约是EDTA的一半,并且其抗氧化能力的大小与紫玉米色素浓度高低相一致。     

醇提和碱提板栗壳色素粗提物抗氧化活性比较研究

板栗壳色素兼具着色剂和抗氧化剂的双重作用,分别以70%乙醇和氨水(pH11)为溶剂提取板栗壳色素,对2种提取方法在色素的得率、紫外-可见光光谱以及抗氧化活性方面作了比较研究,以期为板栗壳色素的开发利用提供理论依据。醇提法所得色素色价较高,但在抗脂质过氧化、清除羟自由基和1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼自由基活性以及还原力方面都不及碱提法所得色素,两种方法所得色素对超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力都很弱。     

板栗壳色素提取工艺研究

对板栗壳色素的提取工艺及抗氧化活性进行了研究。以色素含量为评价指标,研究乙醇浓度、提取时间、提取温度、料液比、提取次数5个因素对提取率的影响。在单因素实验的基础上设计四因素三水平的正交实验,得出板栗壳色素的最佳提取工艺为:乙醇浓度40%,提取温度90℃,料液比1∶10,提取时间2.5 h。以还原力和对羟自由基的清除率为评价指标,研究结果表明,板栗壳色素具有一定的还原力和清除羟自由基的活性。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.