中国白酒的香型

①清香型白酒又称汾香型白酒。以山西汾酒为代表。它具有清香醇正、诸味协调、醇甜柔和、余味爽净的特点。这类酒的香味成分主要是乙酸乙酯和乳酸乙酯,两者结合成为该酒的主体香味。清香型白酒采用清蒸、清烧和地缸发酵的传统工艺制成。     

关于活性干酵母、糖化酶在清香型大曲酒中的试验

关于活性干酵母、糖化酶在清香型大曲酒中的试验任大亚，冯绍波，刘清河黑龙江省双鸭山市白酒厂科研所（１５４９００）关键词大曲；清香型；质量；活性干酵母；出酒率我厂是利用中温大曲生产清香型白酒。采用清蒸清入，两遍清工艺，地缸发酵而制成。本产品的特点是“清、...     

清香型白酒在我国酿酒工业中的优越地位

一、地缸发酵酒醅清香清香型白酒多用地缸发酵设施,即将陶瓮埋入地內,瓮口接近地面,利用土壤地温,保持发酵温度,实现“前缓、中挺、后缓落”的发酵温度曲线,发酵周期为30～40天。为了调节缸内发酵温度,前期应铺盖稻草,或稻壳保温;后期则除去保温材料,防止发酵温度过高。发酵完毕,取出酒醅具有清香;进行清蒸清烧,或清蒸混烧     

新型白酒生产技术(三)

６优质麸曲白酒传统生产工艺麸曲法优质白酒系选用优质优良菌株 ,经纯种培养扩大到麸皮培养基上 ,制成麸曲及酒母作为糖化发酵剂 ,并吸取传统大曲酒的酿酒工艺 ,生产出诸如清香型、浓香型、酱香型及芝麻香型的优质白酒。６．１清香型以高粱为原料 ,采用清蒸混入清六甑操作法 ,以米曲霉、根霉、毛霉、犁头霉、红曲霉、拟内孢霉、酿酒酵母、生香酵母、白地霉等多菌种进行糖化发酵 ,发酵期为８～１０天。６．２浓香型以高粱为原料 ,粉碎成４、６、８瓣 ,采用河内白曲为糖化菌及多种生香酵母为发酵剂 ,分别扩大培养后制成麸曲酒母 ,并将己酸菌发…     

泰山生力源芝麻香型白酒的生产

介绍了泰山生力源集团芝麻香型白酒生产的基本操作,借鉴酱香型白酒和清香型白酒的生产工艺,创建了独特的芝麻香型白酒生产工艺,其特点为:采用泥底砖窖发酵,高粱、小麦和麸皮配合投料,清蒸辅料,高温曲、中温曲、芝麻香专用曲(麸曲和强化菌种)混和使用,高温堆积、高温入池(按偏酱、偏清、偏浓3层分别出入池)、高温发酵、高温流酒(分层装甑)、长期贮存.(陶然)     

利用醋酸发酵液提高清香型白酒中酸酯含量的研究

以清香型白酒生产的副产物大曲酒尾为培养基主要成分,经醋酸发酵制取醋酸发酵液,将其应用于清香型白酒生产中,通过考察醋酸发酵液的添加量,研究了其对酒醅发酵和清香型白酒酸酯含量的影响。试验结果表明,采用＂清蒸二次清＂工艺,在大酒醅发酵时添加醋酸发酵液,发酵结束后大酒醅酒精度略微下降,但添加醋酸发酵液可明显提高大渣酒中的主体酸酯含量;二酒醅发酵按照传统工艺进行,发酵结束后二酒醅酒精度呈增加趋势,二酒中的酸酯含量与对照无明显变化。理化指标结果表明,当醋酸发酵液添加量使大酒醅含量为3.0mg醋酸/g醅时,酒中主体酸酯含量提高较为显著,大酒中乙酸和乙酸乙酯分别提高了138.35%和85.43%,2次发酵总酯提高了25.93%。     

清香型酒醅中一株产乙酸乙酯酵母菌的筛选及其应用性能分析

固态白酒发酵过程中,酵母菌对产酒、产酯、生香等都有重要的影响。为提高清香型白酒的品质,以清香型发酵酒醅为筛选源,采用变色圈平板初筛,发酵力复筛,并结合乙酸乙酯生成能力测定、麸曲培养检测、固态发酵产风味代谢物质分析等,研究该筛选出的高产乙酸乙酯酵母菌的应用性能。结果表明,筛选出两株适合清香型白酒酿造的酵母菌菌株;其中,高产乙酸乙酯的菌株jmz-01,其发酵力为0.968%、酯化力为4.694u/L;高发酵力的菌株jmf-01,其发酵力为2.230%、酯化力为1.466u/L。菌株jmz-01的单菌种固态发酵产挥发性风味物质有乙醇、苯乙醇等醇类,乙酸、异戊酸等酸类,并含有多种其他类风味物质,如:苯乙醛、2-十五烷酮、乙酸乙酯等;其强化麸曲的酯化力为65u、糖化力为132u、发酵力为4.30%,表明该菌株在白酒酿造生产中具有较高的应用前景。     

大曲微生物及其内在物质对酵母酒精发酵的协同作用

为了进一步弄清大曲在酒精发酵过程中的作用,以清香型大曲为研究对象,研究了大曲微生物及其内在物质在清香型白酒酵母酒精发酵过程中的作用。结果表明,大曲在清香型白酒酒精发酵过程中不仅提供了具有发酵力作用的酿酒酵母菌株,还提供了能协同促进酿酒酵母完成酒精发酵的菌株;同时,大曲还提供了有助于酵母酒精发酵的物质。     

试论微量成份含量与清香型白酒质量的关系

试论微量成份含量与清香型白酒质量的关系黄树林（黑龙江省绥化市制酒厂）清香型白酒在酿造发酵过程中，除生成大量的乙醇外，同时还生成少量的酸、酯、醇、醛、酚类物质，这些微量成份虽然只占酒中的２％左右，其含量很少，但是它们却与形成清香型白酒的典型风格起着决定...     

中药材对清香型白酒主要酿造微生物及风味物质的影响

为筛选可提升清香型白酒酿造质量的中药材,探究了20种中药材对发酵微生物酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）Y1、异常威克汉姆酵母（Wickerhamomyces anomalus）Y29和米根霉（Rhizopus oryzae）G1生长的影响。于绿衣观音土曲中添加中药材,模拟清香型白酒工艺进行固态发酵小试实验,分析中药材的添加对糖化醅中微生物数量及清香型白酒原酒中主要风味物质的影响。结果表明,添加杏仁和甘草等中药材可促进菌株Y1和Y29的生长,添加桂皮、杏仁等中药材可促进菌株G1生长。添加丁香、红景天对菌株Y1、Y29和G1的抑制作用明显,其最适添加量为0.5 g/L。川芎、辣蓼和人参分别使糖化醅中细菌、酵母和霉菌增殖的效果最佳,其微生物增长率分别为143.03%、47.69%和73.47%。气相色谱表明,茴香使清香型白酒乙酸乙酯含量增加32.44%,茯苓使清香型白酒杂醇油含量降低9.23%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.