眼眶内球外原发占位病变的CT诊断

目的：总结眼眶内球外原发占位病变的CT表现及其诊断价值。材料与方法：对72例经手术及病理或临床随访证实的CT表现作回顾性分析。结果：良恶性占位病变分别是54例和18例，CT诊断符合率分别是72．9％和37．8％。结论：CT对眶内球外原发占位病变定位准确，诊断符合率高，是鉴别良恶性占位病变的有效手段。     

急性眼眶炎性病变CT、MRI表现

目的分析急性眼眶炎性病变的CT、MRI表现并探讨其临床价值。方法回顾总结40例眼眶炎性病变患者的CT、MRI征象。眼眶CT、MRI检查12例,仅行眼眶CT检查28例。结果按病因分类:鼻窦源性22例,外伤源性12例,肝克雷伯杆菌感染2例,糖尿病4例。按累及结构分类:骨膜下脓肿形成5例,肌锥内间隙脓肿1例,肌锥外间隙炎症4例,眶隔前炎症3例,海绵窦炎3例,弥漫性炎症7例,内源性眼内炎3例,眼球筋膜炎5例,泪囊炎2例,泪腺炎7例。眼眶炎症影像特点取决于受累结构及范围,表现为眶内正常结构界面消失和一个或多个解剖间隙局限或弥漫浸润。结论 CT、MRI对客观显示眼眶炎症的致病原因和累及范围具有重要价值。     

鼻腔及副鼻窦病变骨质改变的CT研究

目的探讨CT所见骨质改变对鼻腔和副鼻窦良、恶性病变的鉴别诊断价值.材料与方法经病理证实的鼻腔及副鼻窦良、恶性病变131例,在CT图像上盲法观察各种骨质改变的类型、范围和部位.结果良、恶性病变有骨质破坏者分别占65.2%和84.7%;66.7%,恶性病变的骨质破坏呈多发性,良性组以单发为主(73.3%);良、恶性病变突破窦壁的发生率分别是21.7%和52.9%;上颌窦内侧壁、筛窦间隔和鼻甲骨质破坏的发生率良、恶性组相似,其他骨壁骨质破坏恶性组多于良性组.骨膨胀的发生率两组相近,而良性组的骨质硬化多于恶性组,神经孔、裂扩大恶性组多于良性组.结论根据骨质破坏的不同类型、部位和范围,CT对鼻腔和副鼻窦良、恶性病变的鉴别诊断可提供较大的帮助.     

MRI在四肢软组织肿瘤及肿瘤样病变诊断中的应用

目的 分析四肢软组织肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的MRI影像学特征.方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的38例四肢软组织肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的MRI表现.结果 明显的瘤周水肿(36.84%) 仅见于恶性肿瘤及呈侵蚀性生长的良性病变;邻近结构受侵征象在恶性肿瘤中的出现率(63.64%) 明显高于良性(18.52%);10 cm大小分界对鉴别良恶性有特异性;信号分布均匀性程度及边界清楚程度在良、恶性病变中有较高的重叠性.良性肿瘤MRI的组织学定性准确率(77.78%)高于恶性(36.36%).结论 综合分析肿瘤MR征象对鉴别四肢软组织肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的良、恶性有价值.     

超声造影、增强CT及增强MRI对肾脏占位性病变的诊断价值比较

目的：比较超声造影、增强CT及增强MRI对肾脏占位性病变的诊断价值。资料与方法对78例经常规超声诊断为肾脏占位性病变患者的80个病灶进行实时超声造影检查,39个行增强CT检查,28个行增强MRI检查,其中5个同时行增强CT及增强MRI检查。以病理结果为“金标准”,比较超声造影、增强CT及增强MRI诊断肾脏占位性病变良恶性的价值。结果80个病灶中,57个为恶性病变,23个为良性病变;超声造影诊断肾脏病变良恶性的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为93.0%、69.6%、88.3%、80.0%;增强CT诊断肾脏病变良恶性的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为96.4%、72.7%、90.0%、88.9%;增强MRI诊断肾脏病变良恶性的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为86.4%、66.7%、90.5%、57.1%;3种检查诊断效果间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论超声造影、增强CT及增强MRI对于肾脏占位性病变良恶性的诊断效果相当,临床可以根据各个检查技术的特点,为不同的患者选择适宜的检查,联合应用两种检查方法为肾脏占位性病变的诊断提供了更丰富的信息。     

MRI在软腭良恶性占位性病变诊断中的临床分析

目的探讨MRI对软腭占位性病变定性诊断的应用价值。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的26例软腭占位性病变的MRI影像学征象,将影像诊断与病理结果采用配对计数资料的2检验和Kappa检验进行分析,并计算其敏感性、特异度、准确度及约登指数。结果 26例软腭占位病理诊断中,良性15例,以血管瘤及多形性腺瘤多见,恶性11例,以鳞癌多见。良性占位性病变MRI典型表现为肿块边界清晰,信号较均匀,坏死少见,偶见钙化,增强扫描常较均匀强化,囊肿无强化;恶性占位性病变MRI典型表现为肿块境界不清,外形不规则或呈分叶状,信号不均匀,中心易坏死,常伴有周围淋巴结肿大,增强后常不均匀强化,坏死区无强化。MRI诊断与病理诊断吻合度较高(2=0.766,P0.05),术前影像诊断软腭良恶性占位性病变的灵敏度、特异度、准确度及约登指数分别为90.9%、86.7%、88.5%、77.6%。结论术前MRI检查对软腭占位性病变定性诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要的价值。     

良恶性多椎体压缩性骨折的MRI诊断

目的:探讨良、恶性多椎体压缩性骨折的MR影像学特征。方法:回顾220例(良性104例,恶性116例)460个压缩椎体,比较病变椎体排列特性及MRI征象。结果:恶性多椎体压缩骨折,椎体跳跃式侵犯多见,66%的病灶集中在椎体后2/3髓质,T1WI呈穿凿样、片状低信号,并椎弓根、椎板表现膨胀性骨质破坏,椎间盘形态正常;良性多椎体压缩性骨折,椎体连续性病变多见,终板表现带状异常信号,常伴椎间盘撕裂、椎间隙狭窄或增宽,椎体碎裂,但无软组织肿块。结论:MR的特征性改变能准确鉴别良、恶性压缩骨折。     

睾丸良恶性肿块的CT、MRI表现及鉴别诊断

目的：探讨睾丸良恶性肿块的CT、MRI表现及鉴别诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析31例经病理证实的睾丸肿块患者的CT、MRI资料，其中21例行MRI平扫及增强扫描，9例行CT平扫及增强扫描，1例同时行CT及MRI平扫及增强扫描。根据病理结果分为良性13例、恶性18例，对比观察良恶性病变的形态、密度/信号和强化表现，并采用Fisher检验进行统计学分析。结果：31例中，恶性病变18例（精原细胞瘤9例，胚胎性癌3例，恶性混合性生殖细胞瘤2例，弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤2例，高分化脂肪肉瘤1例，间质细胞瘤1例）；良性病变13例（腺样腺瘤2例，表皮样囊肿2例，畸胎瘤1例，平滑肌瘤1例，血肿1例，炎性肿块6例）；在睾丸良恶性病变CT、MRI表现中，浅分叶、密度/信号混杂、T₂WI呈低信号、周边强化、间隔强化、延迟强化征象的出现率差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。结论：睾丸良恶性肿块的CT、MRI表现有一定特征，多种影像学方法联合应用结合临床资料综合分析，有助于睾丸良恶性病变的鉴别诊断。     

常规MRI联合DWI在良、恶性眼眶孤立性纤维瘤诊断中的应用

目的分析良、恶性眼眶孤立性纤维瘤(SFT)常规MRI图像和DWI特点,提高本病的认识。方法回顾性分析29例病理证实的眼眶SFT的MRI平扫、增强和DWI特点,测量病灶实质部分的平均表观扩散系数(mean apparent diffusion coefficient,ADCmean)值进行统计学分析。结果良性SFT组14例,恶性SFT组15例,边界均较清,仅3例恶性者与临近外直肌粘连。良恶性SFT在T₁WI均以等稍低信号为主;T₂WI稍高信号(共15例内伴低信号影);增强后所有病灶均明显强化,3例良性SFT及4例恶性SFT呈类血管样显著强化;13例病灶(7例恶性,6例良性)周围有血管流空影。DWI良性组的ADCmean均值为1.10±0.26(×10^-3mm²/s),明显高于恶性组的ADCmean均值为0.92±0.29(×10^-3mm²/s)。结论良性SFT与恶性SFT在常规MRI序列上缺乏特异性表现,联合ADCmean值有助于二者鉴别诊断。     

PET与CT在肺癌诊断中的联合应用

目的:遴选CT鉴别肺部病变良恶性的征象,利用这些征象降低PET在肺癌诊断中的假阳性和假阴性。方法:42例肺部病变患者行PET和CT检查。若肺部病变放射性摄取明显增高,同时SUV≥2.5,判断为恶性病变。若肺部病变有轻度放射性摄取,但其摄取程度低于或明显低于纵隔,SUV2.5,判断为良性病变。选择CT图像上10种最常见的恶性病变征象和10种常见的良性病变征象加以对照分析。结果:PET显像高代谢恶性病变(真阳性)组11例,在CT上都观察到较多的符合征象;PET显像低代谢良性病变(真阴性)组11例,其中有10例在CT上都观察到较多符合征象,只有1例病变观察到得符合征象和质疑征象基本相等。而PET显像高代谢良性病变(假阳性)组10例,其中有9例在CT上观察到较多质疑征象,另有1例观察到较多符合征象;PET显像低代谢恶性病变(假阴性)组10例,在CT上都观察到较多质疑征象。结论:CT征像可以帮助降低PET在肺癌诊断中的假阳性和假阴性。     

Orbital tumors in children: CT and MR imaging features

The purpose of the article is to review the CT and MR imaging features of orbital tumors in children. Tumors in children are usually different than those in adults. Clinical symptoms are usually non-specific. Clinical examination combined with US may be sufficient for diagnosis and follow-up of benign and superficial lesions. CT and/or MRI are needed for deep or malignant lesions. CT is valuable for osseous and/or calcified lesions. MR is advantageous because of its superior spatial resolution and non-ionizing nature. Malignant tumors correspond to about 20% of lesions and include primary tumors (retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma) and metastases. Benign pathology is more frequent (80%) with dermoid cyst corresponding to about 50% of orbital masses.     

Role of MR spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted imaging in diagnosis of orbital masses

Purpose

To assess the value of (MRI), (DWI) and (MRS) in the diagnosis of different orbital masses and differentiation between benign and malignant masses.

螺旋CT及MRI在鉴别肾脏囊性占位病变中的作用

目的分析肾脏囊性占位病变的CT与MRI表现,并评价其对鉴别良恶性病变的临床意义。方法 151例由手术病理证实的肾脏囊性占位病变患者,包括多发囊肿125例,海绵状血管瘤16例及囊性肾癌10例,均经CT与MRI平扫及增强扫描。比较了CT与MRI对肾脏囊性占位病变的诊断能力。结果 151例中,CT诊断肾囊肿118例,血管瘤16例,以及囊性肾癌17例,其诊断敏感性,特异性及准确性分别为58.8%,95.0%及95.4%;MRI诊断肾囊肿122例,血管瘤16例,以及囊性肾癌13例,其诊断敏感性,特异性及准确性分别为76.9%,98.8%及98.0%。CT对肾良性病变低估7例,对恶性病变高估了7例,而MRI对肾良性病变低估3例,对恶性病变高估3例。结论 CT与MRI二者都能对血管瘤作出正确诊断,而在肾囊肿与囊性肾癌的诊断及鉴别诊断中,MRI明显优于CT。     

动态增强MRI对眼眶病变诊断及鉴别诊断的价值

目的运用动态增强MR技术，分析病变的强化特点，以提高对不同眼眶病变的认识，尤其是不同良性肿瘤及恶性肿瘤的强化特点，进而提高MRI的诊断价值。方法共41例，均为单发病灶，均行MR检查，术后均得到病理证实。其中良性肿瘤和类肿瘤病变3l例，恶性肿瘤病变10例。使用1．5T超导MR机，头颅线圈采集。MR平扫包括：横断面T1WI、T2WI及T1WI矢状和冠状面扫描。层厚4mm。增强检查为使用对比剂后立即连续动态扫描，以观察病变的动态变化状况。对所测得的平扫及动态增强信号强度值（前、后），计算其强化率（E％）并得到时间-密度曲线（TIC），并进行统计学分析。结果（1）良恶性肿瘤第1分钟内平均强化率（E1％）比较：恶性肿瘤的E1％〉60％，而良性肿瘤的E1％〈60％，二者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；（2）27例良性肿瘤除脑膜瘤外，绝大多数（88．9％，24例）强化为线型；（3）10例恶性肿瘤和3例脑膜瘤为平台型强化。（4）3例炎性假瘤和1例肉芽肿病变，表现为流出型。（5）12例海绵状血管瘤有特殊的强化模式，表现为局部点状和小结节状强化，然后逐步向全肿瘤扩展。结论动态增强MR检查，对鉴别良恶性肿瘤有明显意义；对鉴别肿瘤和炎症也可提供重要的诊断依据；少数病种，如海绵状血管瘤有特殊的强化模式。     

MR DWI及联合血清CA125对卵巢占位性病变定性诊断的价值

目的探讨MR扩散加权成像及联合血清CA125对卵巢占位性病变定性诊断的价值。方法利用西门子3.0T磁共振后处理工作站对病理证实的75例卵巢占位性病变囊实性部分ADC值进行测量,对卵巢良恶性占位性病变ADC值采用独立样本t检验进行比较并应用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)确定其最佳诊断阈值;卵巢囊、实性占位性病变各组间比较采用单向方差分析;MRI及MRI+CA125两种方法分别与病理采用配对计数资料的2检验和Kappa检验进行分析。结果卵巢良、恶性占位性病变囊性部分ADC值比较,有统计学意义(P=0.000),ROC曲线下面积为0.915,最佳良恶性阈值为2711.6×10-3 mm2/s;卵巢良、恶性占位性病变实性部分ADC值比较,有统计学意义(P=0.001),ROC曲线下面积为0.858,最佳良恶性阈值为920.3×10-3 mm2/s;卵巢囊性占位性病变整体组间比较有统计学意义(P<0.05),组间多重比较,卵巢恶性肿瘤及卵巢子宫内膜异位症分别与其余各组间均有统计学意义(P<0.05);卵巢实性占位性病变整体组间比较有统计学意义(P<0.05),组间多重比较分析,卵巢恶性肿瘤与其余各组间均有统计学意义(P<0.05);MRI、MRI+CA125两种方法分别与病理吻合分析,MRI诊断卵巢良恶性占位性病变灵敏度为90.0%,特异度为82.2%,准确度为85.3%,约登指数为72.2%;MRI+CA125联合诊断卵巢良恶性占位性病变灵敏度为93.3%,特异度为86.7%,准确度为89.3%,约登指数为80.0%;检验吻合系数MRI+CA125(0.783)>MRI(0.703),表明MRI+CA125联合诊断与病理的吻合度更好。结论 MR扩散加权成像及联合血清CA125对卵巢占位性病变定性诊断具有重要的价值,可以提高卵巢占位性病变早期诊断及鉴别诊断水平。     

吸氧99Tcm-MIBI SPECT与定位CT结合对肺部病灶的鉴别诊断价值

目的 探讨吸氧99Tcm-甲氧基异丁基异腈（MIBI）SPECT与定位CT结合对肺部病灶的鉴别诊断价值,为肺部病灶的良恶性鉴别建立一种高性价比方法。方法对2008年9月至2009年3月47例可疑恶性肺部病灶患者进行前瞻性研究,对疑似炎性反应病例短期应用抗生素。所有受检者于注射99TcmMIBI前开始经鼻腔导管吸氧,注射后10min进行SPECT与CT定位融合显像,2h后进行延迟显像。对良、恶性肺部病灶（T）与对侧相应肺组织（N）的摄取比值（早期：EUR,延迟：DUR）比较应用独立样本t检验,并对EUR和DUR的诊断效率进行受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析。结果47例患者（32例原发性肺癌,4例肺转移,11例良性病变）共51个肺部病灶,恶性病灶39个,良性病灶12个。99TcmMIBISPECT与定位CT融合显像诊断肺部良恶性病灶的灵敏度、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为94．9％（37／39）、83．3％（10／12）、92．2％（47／51）、94．9％（37／39）和83．3％（10／12）。恶性病灶EUR为2．95±1．16[95％可信区间（CI）：2．57～3．32）],良性病灶EUR为1．43±0．33（95％CI：1．22～1．64）,两者差异有统计学意义（t=-4．44,P〈0．01）;恶性病灶DUR为3．19±1．74（95％CI：2．62—3．75）,良性病灶DUR为1．60±0．32（95％CI：1．39—1．81）,两者差异有统计学意义（t=-3．12,P〈0．01）。半定量ROC分析显示：以EUR≥1．625为诊断肺部恶性病灶的界值,灵敏度97．4％（38／39）,特异性83．3％（10／12）;以DUR≥1．75为诊断肺部恶性病灶的界值,灵敏度94．9％（37／39）,特异性83．3％（10／12）。结论吸氧99TcmMIBISPECT与定位CT结合显像对肺部病灶的良恶性鉴别具有较高的临床价值。     

Adrenal lesions: characterization with fused PET/CT image in patients with proved or suspected malignancy--initial experience

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate the accuracy of the fused positron emission tomographic (PET)/computed tomographic (CT) image for characterization of adrenal lesions in patients who have proved malignancy or are suspected of having malignancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was received for this retrospective HIPAA-compliant study, and informed consent was waived. Forty-one adrenal lesions in 38 patients (21 men, 17 women; mean age, 66 years; range, 37-86 years) were evaluated with PET/CT. Of the 41 lesions, nine were assumed to be malignant with documentation of enlargement (n = 8) or reduction in size in response to treatment (n = 1), and 32 were assumed to be benign with documentation of stability for 6 months (n = 31) or with confirmation with biopsy results (n = 1). The PET examination findings were positive when adrenal lesion maximum standardized uptake values (SUVs) exceeded hepatic maximum SUVs. CT contrast medium washout analysis was used to further characterize two lesions with PET findings positive for malignancy. The t test was used to assess significant (P < .05) differences between fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake of benign lesions and that of malignant lesions. RESULTS: At PET/CT, findings for all malignant lesions were positive (mean adrenal lesion-liver activity ratio, 4.04; range, 1.53-17.08). Of the 32 benign lesions, most (30 of 32) had activity less than that of the liver (mean ratio, 0.66; range, 0.22-0.94). PET/CT demonstrated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of 100%, 93.8%, 81.8%, 100%, and 95.1%, respectively. Incorporating contrast material-enhanced CT with delayed imaging increased specificity to 100% because two lesions with PET findings positive for malignancy were characterized as benign. There was a significant difference between maximum SUV (P < .05) and the ratio of adrenal lesion-liver FDG activity (P < .001) in benign versus malignant adrenal lesions. CONCLUSION: PET/CT provides a powerful combination of functional and attenuation information for adrenal lesion characterization. All malignant lesions were detected at PET/CT, with no false-negative results.     

Adnexal carcinoma of the scalp: aggressive sebaceous differentiation with invasion of the orbital wall and thoracic vertebra

Tumors of the scalp are characterized by a heterogeneous clinical spectrum with site-specific features. A wide variety of tumors that arise in the scalp include neoplasms, hamartomas, malformations, and both benign and malignant cysts. Most scalp tumors are benign (98–99%) with only an estimated 1–2% of diagnosed cases reported as being malignant. Of these, adnexal carcinoma is reported in less than 1% of cases. Herein, we report a 65-year-old woman who presented with pain and numbness in her hands with past medical history significant only for a chronic posterior head mass that had never received workup. Computerized topography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and local biopsy demonstrated a large, pedunculated malignant occipital mass that had metastasized to the orbital walls and cervical spine. To our knowledge, this is the largest sebaceous carcinoma to be reported occurring in the scalp. The present case emphasizes the need for older patients with benign scalp lesions to be closely monitored with frequent CT scans for signs of malignant transformation. Furthermore, it is important to diagnose malignant scalp tumors early as they tend to metastasize and cause diffuse symptomatology, which may ultimately result in increased patient mortality.     

Imaging of orbital disorders in pediatric patients

The spectrum of orbital lesions occurring in childhood is wide, including a variety of both benign and malignant disorders. Although physical examination and fundoscopy may aid in establishing the diagnosis of retro-ocular lesions, imaging remains a critical step in the evaluation of the pediatric orbit. Ultrasonography, CT, and MR imaging are the primary modalities for the evaluation of the diseased orbit, and careful observation of the characteristic radiological features usually leads to correct diagnosis; however, some of the lesions look very similar and are difficult to differentiate from each other. The purpose of this article is to review the common and unusual entities that may involve the pediatric orbit, to describe the radiological features, and to evaluate the efficacy of US, CT, and MRI in the diagnosis and management of these conditions.