肾脏囊性病变26例影像学检查对比分析

囊性肾癌约占所有肾癌的10％～15％,在影像学上表现为囊性为主伴或不伴实性成分的复杂囊性病变。然而,一些良性肾囊肿由于出血、感染及缺血也可呈现类似囊性肾癌的影像学表现。以往对肾脏囊性病灶的鉴别往往借助于增强CT及增强MRI,可以通过观察囊隔或实性结节处是否有增强来评估肿瘤的血液供应情况。目前,通过超声造影也能清晰观察组织血流灌注情况,该法对肝脏肿瘤等病变的检测和诊断已相当成熟,而对囊性肾癌诊断价值的研究则少有报道。本文将肾脏囊性病变26例的超声造影声像图表现,与能量多普勒超声及增强CT表现进行比较,     

16层螺旋CT在卵巢良性囊性占位病变鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨16层螺旋CT在卵巢良性囊性占位病变鉴别诊断中的价值。资料与方法回顾分析经手术及病理证实的40例共45个卵巢良性囊性占位病变的CT表现。结果浆液性囊腺瘤12例15个病灶,卵巢黏液性囊腺瘤14例,良性囊性畸胎瘤8例10个病灶,单纯囊肿6例。浆液性囊腺瘤与黏液性囊腺瘤在CT值上具有统计学差异,卵巢良性囊性占位在分房、钙化、脂肪成分方面亦有明显不同。结论16层螺旋CT在卵巢良性囊性占位鉴别诊断中具有重要作用。     

不典型肾实质内占位的高场强MRI与螺旋CT诊断价值分析

目的：评价高场强MRI与螺旋CT平扫与动态增强检查对不典型肾实质内占位的诊断价值。方法：37例肾实质内实性占位病变，包括肾癌21例，少脂肪血管平滑肌脂肪瘤6例，复杂良性囊性病变7例，肾嗜酸性细胞瘤1例，肾蔓状血管瘤伴出血1例，多房囊性肾瘤1例，均经1．5TMRI及螺旋CT平扫及多期动态增强检查，CT与MRI检查时间间隔2天至2月。所有病例均经手术病理证实。结果：高场强MRI检查对肾实质内不典型占位的诊断准确度为78．4％。高于螺旋CT检查的准确度(64．9％)。两者有显著差异性，P=0．025。MRI与CT检查相结合诊断准确度为89．2％，明显高于MRI及CT检查(P=0．003、0．001)。结论：MRI与螺旋CT检查相结合能明显提高不典型肾实质内占位的诊断准确度。     

不同类型肾脏占位病变的超声造影特征及其诊断价值探讨

目的:探讨不同类型肾脏占位病变的超声造影特征及其诊断价值.方法:搜集肾脏占位病变手术患者100例,术前均行超声造影检查,根据手术病理结果将病变分为恶性病变(肾癌41例、肾盂癌19例)和良性病变(肾错构癌29例、肾囊肿11例),分析不同类型病变超声造影特征.结果:肾癌、肾盂癌以快进快出型或快进慢出型为主,错构瘤以慢进慢出型为主,而肾囊肿以平台型为主,不同类型肾脏占位病变的超声造影增强模式差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).根据时间-信号强度曲线采集相关参数,肾癌、肾盂癌峰值强度、曲线尖度、曲线下面积均明显高于肾错构癌、肾囊肿,达峰时间明显低于肾错构癌、肾囊肿,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).超声造影对肾脏占位性病变良恶性的鉴别诊断灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确度分别为75.00％、62.50％、75.00％、62.50％和70.00％.结论:不同类型肾脏占位病变的超声造影增强模式及时间-信号强度曲线差异显著,超声造影对肾脏占位病变良恶性的鉴别诊断灵敏度和阳性预测值较高.     

CT扫描对囊性肾癌的诊断价值

囊性肾细胞癌是一种较少见的特殊类型肾细胞癌,特点是肿瘤呈乳头状向囊腔突出或肿瘤位于囊壁及分隔,占肾癌的3%¹4%^[1]。由于囊性肾癌难与复杂良性囊性肾脏疾病相鉴别^[2],易被误诊。囊性肾癌可分为肾癌囊性变、单房囊性肾癌、多房囊性肾癌及单房性肾囊肿附壁癌结节4种类型^[3]。本文通过分析手术病理证实的21例囊性肾癌的CT资料,旨在提高对囊性肾癌的认知及诊断的准确率。1资料与方法     

肾癌高场强MRI与螺旋CT诊断价值比较

目的　比较高场强MRI与螺旋CT平扫与动态增强检查对肾癌的诊断价值。方法　 47例肾内实性占位病变 ,包括肾细胞癌 3 4例 ,少或无脂肪血管平滑肌脂肪瘤 4例 ,复杂囊肿 8例 ,肾嗜酸性细胞瘤 1例 ,均经 1.5TMRI及螺旋CT平扫及多期动态增强检查 ,CT与MRI检查时间间隔 2d～ 1月。所有病例均经手术病理证实。结果　高场强MRI检查对肾癌诊断的敏感度和准确度分别为 97.1%、89.4% ,高于螺旋CT检查的敏感度和准确度 (91.2 %、83 .0 % )。其诊断准确度有显著差异性 ,Ρ <0 .0 5。MRI检查对不典型肾癌、小肾癌及肾内不典型良性占位病变诊断准确率为 86.5 % ,明显高于CT检查 (70 .2 % ) ,Ρ <0 .0 1。结论　高场强MRI平扫与螺旋动态增强扫描对肾癌及肾内不典型占位病变的诊断价值较高 ,CT检查不能明确诊断时 ,高场强MRI是有效的补充检查手段。     

肾脏囊样病变的CT诊断

目的 :探讨CT对肾脏囊样病变的鉴别诊断价值。方法 :回顾性分析CT扫描发现的 2 0 3例肾脏囊样病变。结果 :发现肾脏恶性囊性肿瘤病变 2 5例 ,肾囊肿 14 0例 ,梗阻性肾积水 3 2例 ,肾结核并脓肿形成 6例 ,上述病变各有不同CT影像特征。结论 :了解肾脏囊样病变的CT特征有利于鉴别诊断并指导临床治疗。     

磁共振扩散加权成像在肾脏占位性病变中的应用

目的 探讨常见肾脏占位性病变及病灶内不同部分间的表观扩散系数(ADC)值差异.资料与方法搜集扩散加权成像(DWI)资料完整的50例肾脏占位性病变患者和10名正常自愿者,其中24例恶性和6例良性占位经手术病理证实,2例转移瘤及18例良性占位经影像学与临床证实.分别测量病灶及正常肾实质的ADC值.结果 正常对照组、良性占位组、恶性肿瘤组各组ADC值之间差异有统计学意义;肾脏肿瘤ADC值显著低于肾囊肿;病灶内有强化的实性部分的ADC值显著低于无强化的坏死或囊性部分;肿瘤病灶内坏死或囊性部分的ADC值显著低于肾囊肿.结论 ADC值可以作为鉴别肾脏良恶性占位的一个重要辅助手段,结合T1WI信号特征可为DWI鉴别肾脏占位提供有价值的信息.     

MRI对卵巢良恶性病变的鉴别诊断价值

目的:探讨MRI对卵巢良恶性疾病的鉴别诊断价值。方法:分析66例经手术病理证实的卵巢疾病的MRI特征,良性病变36例,其中卵巢囊肿7例,巧克力囊肿5例,畸胎瘤10例,炎症肿块4例,浆液性囊腺瘤6例,粘液性囊腺瘤4例;恶性病变30例,其中浆液性囊腺癌10例,粘液性囊腺癌11例,内胚窦瘤4例,Krukenberg’s肿瘤5例。所有患者行常规扫描,平扫发现病灶行增强扫描,术后对所有病变行MR征象与病理结果对照分析。结果:MRI检查能很好显示卵巢病变的特征,其定位诊断100%,诊断的敏感性93%,特异性94%,准确性94%,卵巢癌分期准确性达85.0%。结论:MRI对卵巢良恶性病变的鉴别诊断价值大,并可提供卵巢癌分期所需的信息,增强扫描可进一步提高MR对卵巢癌的诊断及分期的准确性。     

小脑占位性病变的MRI诊断

目的评价MRI对小脑占位性病变的诊断能力。方法经手术病理证实资料完整的小脑占位性病变26例，恶性肿瘤11例，良性占位性病变15例，均经MRI平扫与增强扫描检查。结果本组中MRI正确诊断良性病变12例，恶性病变9例，定位准确率96．1％，敏感性为81．8％，特异性80％，准确性80．8％，阳性预测值75％，阴性预测值85．7％。结论MRI对该区占位性病变的诊断和鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

18F-FDG PET显像在胰腺恶性病变鉴别诊断及转移灶探查中的应用价值

目的研究18F-FDGPET显像在胰腺恶性肿瘤诊断与鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法 40例临床疑为胰腺恶性病变的患者均行18F-FDGPET显像,对显像结果进行目测法及SUV值半定量分析,并结合CT,MRI等影像学检查进行综合诊断,最后诊断根据手术病理或经4个月以上随访证实。结果如果以SUV为2.5作为鉴别诊断胰腺病灶良恶性的阈值,24例证实为胰腺癌患者中18F-FDGPET显像正确诊断22例,16例胰腺良性病变患者18F-FDGPET检出13例,其灵敏度、特异度及准确性分别为91.7%（22/24）,81.3%（13/16）及87.5%（35/40）;而结合CT,MRI等其他检查结果进行综合诊断,其诊断灵敏度、特异度及准确性分别为91.7%（22/24）、87.5%（14/16）及90%（36/40）。恶性病变的SUV平均值为4.6±2.6,良性病变的SUV平均值为2.3±1.5,良恶性病变间SUV平均值差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。在转移灶的检出中,18F-FDGPET显像发现了全部38处转移灶,并发现6处CT,MRI未能发现的远处转移病灶,排除了1例CT认为是胰周转移性淋巴结肿大的病例。结论 18F-FDGPET对鉴别诊断胰腺良恶性肿瘤的灵敏度、特异性较高,尤其在远处转移灶的探查中有较高应用价值。     

CT与MR对女性盆腔肿块诊断能力的对比研究

目的 分析女性盆腔肿块（FPM）的CT与MRI表现，并比较CT与MRI对FPM的诊断能力。方法 50例经手术病理证实的FPM（25例恶性和25例良性）患者均经常规CT与MRI检查。29例又经CT增强扫描，35例又经MRI增强扫描。结果 CT正确诊断恶性FPM15例和良性FPM18例，诊断敏感性60%，特异性72%，准确率66%。MRI正确诊断恶性FPM21例和良性FPM22例，诊断敏感性80%，特异性88%，准确率84%。CT增强扫描能显示常规扫描看不到的征象，如卵巢癌壁结节强化和卵巢囊腺瘤的壁与间隔轻度强化等。MRI增强扫描有类似发现。CT对囊性肿块的诊断与MRI相似，对钙化斑的显示优于MRI，但对囊实性肿块结构细节的显示不如MRI。结论 CT与MRI的诊断具有各自的优势，总的说来，MRI优于CT，然而，二者结合可明显提高诊断准确率。     

动态CT诊断肾脏占位病变的临床应用

目的 应用动态CT（DCT）扫描技术,评价其对肾脏占位病变的诊断价值并探讨肾肿瘤的DCT特征与病理表现的关系,材料与方法,对33例B超或体检中怀疑为肾脏占位的患者（计35个病灶）运用DCT扫描技术进行前瞻性研究,将其结果与手术病理、脱落细胞学、影像综合诊断、临床随访结果对照比较。结果 （1）手术病理证实17例,穿刺活检及脱落细胞学检查证实2例,超声、血管造影、MRI等综合诊断及临床随访14例。（2）DCT对肾脏占位病变良、恶性鉴别诊断的敏感性为92.86%,特异性为95.24%;准性为94.29%,阳性预测值为92.86%,阴性预测值为95.24%,约登指数为0.881,与病理对照Kappa值为0.88。（3）不同的肾脏肿瘤DCT的表现特征如CT值、强化模式、钙化、肿瘤血管等各不相同,结论 DCT扫描对肾脏肿块诊断准确性高。对肿块的良、恶性鉴别有一定的价值,但对表现特殊的肾脏肿块的定性诊断。良性肿瘤合并出血及恶性肿瘤Ⅰ、Ⅱ期的诊断还存在一定的困难。     

Rapid MRI assessment of renal space-occupying lesions

The aim of this study was to determine whether rapidly acquired MRI sequences, taking less than 5 min imaging time, can accurately characterise renal masses. All patients found to have a renal space-occupying lesion on CT or ultrasound were asked to participate in a prospective study using rapidly acquired MRI. The MRI technique was performed on a GE Signa (General Electric, Milwaukee, Wis.) 1.5 T magnet using breath-hold coronal and axial T1 GRASS (fast spoiled gradient-recalled acquisition into steady state, FSPGR/30/90) and axial T2 fast spin-echo sequences. The results were analysed by two radiologists unaware of the CT or ultrasound findings. The CT/US was independently viewed by a third radiologist. Lesions were characterised as simple cysts, indeterminate or solid. The MR and CT/US results were correlated and the sensitivity and specificity of MR for the characterisation of simple cysts and solid renal masses calculated. A total of 144 lesions (68 patients; 29 women 39 men, age range 32–78 years, average age 60 years) were studied: 111 simple cysts; 3 hyperdense cysts; 26 renal cell carcinomas; and 4 indeterminate lesions on CT/US. There was agreement between the CT/US and MRI in 82 % of cases. All renal cell carcinomas were correctly characterised on MRI. Of simple cysts, 79 % were correctly identified using this technique. Breath-hold MRI performed in less than 5 min can accurately characterise the majority of renal masses. It is 100 % sensitive in the characterisation of renal carcinoma, and it correctly identified approximately 80 % of simple cysts. If used at the time a renal mass is detected on MRI, it would reduce the need for further investigation of the majority of incidentally detected lesions which are simple cysts. Received: 15 December 1998; Revised: 10 May 1999; Accepted: 2 July 1999     

Diagnostic value of MR imaging in comparison to CT in the detection and differential diagnosis of renal masses: ROC analysis

The aim of this work was to compare MR imaging and CT in the detection of renal masses and in the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant lesions. In 33 patients with 54 renal lesions CT and MR images were evaluated by four readers with regard to tumor detection and characterization using a receiver-operating-characteristics (ROC) analysis. The MRI protocol consisted of a T1-weighted spin-echo (SE) sequence (TR/TE: 300/10 ms) before and after contrast administration and a heavily T2-weighted turbo-SE (TSE) sequence (TR/TE: 5500/150 ms). A_z values for the area under the ROC curves for lesion detection were 0.92 ± 0.04 for CT and 0.91 ± 0.05 for MRI, respectively, which was not statistically different. The MRI technique was slightly, but not significantly, better than CT in the overall characterization (accuracy in differentiation between benign and malignant) of renal lesions with an A_z value of 0.90 ± 0.05 compared with 0.88 ± 0.06 for CT. The MRI technique proved to be statistically superior to CT (p < 0.01) in the correct characterization of benign renal lesions. MRI equals CT in the overall detection and differential diagnosis of renal masses. MRI is very helpful for further differential diagnosis of lesions which are equivocal on CT especially in the differentiation between complicated cysts and cystic or hypovascular renal cell carcinoma. Received 29 April 1996; Revision received 14 August 1996; Accepted 2 September 1996     

Assessment of malignant skeletal disease: initial experience with 18F-fluoride PET/CT and comparison between 18F-fluoride PET and 18F-fluoride PET/CT.

18F-fluoride PET/CT was performed on 44 oncologic patients to evaluate its diagnostic accuracy in assessing malignant osseous involvement and in differentiating malignant from benign bone lesions. METHODS: (18)F-fluoride PET and (18)F-fluoride PET/CT were interpreted separately. Lesions showing increased (18)F-fluoride uptake were categorized as malignant, benign, or inconclusive. The final diagnosis of lesions was based on histopathology, correlation with contemporaneous diagnostic CT or MRI, or clinical follow-up of at least 6 mo (mean, 10 +/- 3 mo). RESULTS: Increased (18)F-fluoride uptake was detected at 212 sites, including 111 malignant lesions, 89 benign lesions, and 12 lesions for which the final diagnosis could not be determined. In a lesion-based analysis, the sensitivity of PET alone in differentiating benign from malignant bone lesions was 72% when inconclusive lesions were considered false negative and 90% when inconclusive lesions were considered true positive. On PET/CT, 94 of 111 (85%) metastases presented as sites of increased uptake with corresponding lytic or sclerotic changes, and 16 of the 17 remaining metastases showed normal-appearing bone on CT, for an overall sensitivity of 99% for tumor detection. For only 1 metastasis was PET/CT misleading, suggesting the false diagnosis of a benign lesion. The specificity of PET/CT was significantly higher than that of PET alone (97% vs. 72%, P < 0.001). PET/CT identified benign abnormalities at the location exactly corresponding to the scintigraphic increased uptake for 85 of 89 (96%) benign lesions. In a patient-based analysis, the sensitivity of PET and PET/CT was 88% and 100%, respectively (P < 0.05) and the specificity was 56% and 88%, respectively (not statistically significant). Among the 12 patients referred for (18)F-fluoride assessment because of bone pain despite negative findings on (99m)Tc-methylene diphosphonate bone scintigraphy, (18)F-fluoride PET/CT suggested malignant bone involvement in all 4 patients with proven skeletal metastases, a potential benign cause in 4 of 7 patients who had no evidence of metastatic disease, and a soft-tissue tumor mass invading a sacral foramen in 1 patient. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that (18)F-fluoride PET/CT is both sensitive and specific for the detection of lytic and sclerotic malignant lesions. It accurately differentiated malignant from benign bone lesions and possibly assisted in identifying a potential cause for bone pain in oncologic patients. For most lesions, the anatomic data provided by the low-dose CT of the PET/CT study obviates the performance of full-dose diagnostic CT for correlation purposes.     

胃肠道间质瘤的CT和MRI诊断价值(附16例分析)

目的:评价CT和MRI诊断胃肠道间质瘤的价值。方法:回顾性分析经手术和病理证实的16例胃肠道间质瘤患者的资料。结果:16例肿瘤均为单发,位于胃部9例,空肠3例,回肠、食管、直肠及后腹膜各1例。良性2例,潜在恶性4例,恶性10例。CT和MRI表现:粘膜下富血供性肿块,肿瘤倾向于腔外生长,可有囊变、坏死、出血、钙化。增强后良性者强化均匀,边界清楚,恶性者强化不均匀,可有邻近结构侵犯。结论:CT和MRI对胃肠道间质瘤的定位和定性判断,以及鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

Incidence of malignancy in complex cystic renal masses (Bosniak category III): should imaging-guided biopsy precede surgery?

OBJECTIVE: Complex indeterminate renal cystic masses (Bosniak type III) can have benign and malignant causes and have been traditionally considered surgical lesions. We sought to determine the incidence of malignancy and to assess a possible role for imaging-guided biopsy for this category of renal masses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three hundred ninety-seven renal biopsies were performed at our institution between 1991 and 2000. Between January 1997 and August 2000, 28 Bosniak category III lesions, based on established CT imaging criteria on helical CT scans, were identified for analysis. The incidence of malignancy, based on surgical pathology or imaging follow-up and percentage of lesions proceeding to surgery, among these 28 lesions, was determined. The surgical results were correlated with the biopsy findings. RESULTS: Of the 28 biopsied category III lesions, 17 (60.7%) were malignant (16 renal cell carcinomas and one lymphoma), and 11 (39.3%) were benign (six hemorrhagic cysts, three inflammatory cysts, one metanephric adenoma, and one cystic oncocytoma). Seventeen of the 28 lesions (16 renal cell carcinomas and one inflammatory cyst) had surgical resection after the biopsy. All resected lesions had pathologic diagnoses identical to the percutaneous imaging-guided biopsy results. The remaining 11 patients who had undergone nonsurgical biopsies had radiologic follow-up for a minimum of 1 year, with benign lesions showing no interval change. CONCLUSION: Renal biopsy and radiologic follow-up were useful in identifying nonmalignant lesions in complex cystic renal masses and avoided unnecessary surgery in 39% of patients.     

Renal tumor versus renal cyst

The precise diagnosis of carcinoma of the kidney is of particular importance because renal mass lesions are frequently encountered which require nephrectomy if malignant, and renal tissue conservation if benign. The diagnostic problems include those of differentiating benign from malignant tumors and tumors from cysts. Delineation of the extent of tumors is also essential for treatment planning and prognostic implications. Although the sequence of diagnostic imaging procedures utilized in suspected renal mass lesions varies somewhat depending on the clinical presentation, the following techniques are frequently employed until the relevant questions have been answered: urography, ultrasound and/or computed tomography, cyst puncture and contrast injections, angiography, and renal venography. These non-operative methods usually clarify the nature and extent of renal mass lesions and therefore have a major effect on therapy. A logical, systematic approach to their application avoids duplication and achieves approapriate diagnosis most rapidly. Part II will appear in Volume 1, Number 2, 1978     

超声造影与增强CT对肾癌的诊断分析

目的:本研究旨在比较超声造影(CEUS)和增强CT(CECT)在肾癌病灶中的诊断价值,探讨超声造影在肾癌的诊断价值。方法:对54例患者临床诊断为肾脏内占位性病灶进行CEUS和CECT检查,通过分析病灶CEUS和CECT的特点,比较两种方法的诊断效能。结果:54个病灶中34个为肾脏恶性肿瘤,20个为肾脏良性病灶,CEUS和CECT诊断敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为97.05%、85.0%、92.59%、91.67%、94.44%与91.18%、80.00%、87.04%、88.57%、84.21%。两种方法诊断差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:分析比较CEUS和CECT在诊断肾癌过程中,两种方法诊断效能无明显差异,均能为临床诊断提供重要依据,但CEUS对微循环灌注方面及假包膜的观察优于CECT;CEUS定量评价肾肿瘤血管现处于动物实验阶段,临床上特异指标的找寻仍有待于进一步研究。