壳聚糖固定化海藻糖合酶

利用壳聚糖作为载体,将大肠杆菌BL21异源表达且纯化后的海藻糖合酶(TreS),采用吸附法制备成固定化酶。固定化单因素实验结果表明,最适海藻糖合酶与壳聚糖的加入量为32.0 mg/g,最适吸附时间为2.5 h。固定化酶最适反应温度为40 ℃,最适反应pH为6.0,酶活回收率为40.17%,重复使用9次后,固定化酶酶活残留率为64.64%,重复使用性良好。在4~60 ℃范围内放置20 min后,固定化酶的相对酶活均高于87%,与游离酶相比温度稳定性没有明显变化。在pH3.5~8.5范围内放置20 min后,固定化酶的相对酶活均高于60%,酸碱稳定性优于游离酶。反应进程试验结果表明,2 h时海藻糖得率达最大,为61.4%。     

壳聚糖固定化α-葡萄糖苷酶的研究

以粉末状壳聚糖为载体 ,采用吸附 交联的方法将α 葡萄糖苷酶固定化。在最适固定化条件下 ,室温吸附 6h ,然后与 3 5%的戊二醛在 4 5℃交联 6h ,可得到固定化酶的活力为1430 0U ,酶活力回收率为 59 6 %。通过实验发现 ,与游离酶相比 ,固定化酶的最适 pH向酸性方向移动 0 5pH单位 ,为 pH 4 5;最适作用温度达到 70℃ ,比游离α 葡萄糖苷酶提高 5℃ ;酸碱稳定性、热稳定性及贮存稳定性均有较大提高 ;在 6 0℃操作半衰期为 16 8h     

聚丙烯腈膜固定化海藻糖合成酶的研究

以聚丙烯腈膜(PAN)为载体,采用吸附法固定化海藻糖合成酶粗酶液。通过单因素法探讨最佳固定化条件,并分析固定化酶酶学性质。结果表明,最佳固定化条件为:pH 7.6、30℃、加酶量0.1 mg/cm~2条件下震荡吸附3 h;该条件下制备的固定化酶最适反应条件为:温度40℃、pH 7.4、初始麦芽糖底物浓度200 g/L。与游离酶相比,固定化酶热稳定性提高10℃、酸碱稳定性由pH 6.6～7.4扩展至pH 5.4～8.0;反应达到平衡时,反应液中海藻糖含量为50.9%,副产物葡萄糖含量为9.1%,较游离酶降低6个百分点,在目前已报道的固定化海藻糖合成酶催化反应中副产物含量最低;在40℃、pH 7.4、麦芽糖底物浓度200 g/L条件下,重复使用累计72 h后,固定化酶活仍保留在初始酶活的64.4%。     

明胶载体固定化木聚糖酶技术的研究

以明胶为载体,戊二醛为交联剂,采用包埋-交联法制备固定化木聚糖酶,探讨明胶浓度、戊二醛体积分数、交联时间和固定化时间对固定化酶相对酶活力的影响.通过正交实验确定木聚糖酶的最佳固定化条件,比较固定化酶与其游离酶的最适反应温度、热稳定性、最适反应pH及pH稳定性.研究发现,在明胶浓度为15％、戊二醛体积分数为4％、交联时间为lh和固定化时间为3h时,固定化酶的回收率可达72.56％,同时固定化和游离酶的最适温度分别为50、60℃,最适pH分别为3.6、4.6,pH稳定性及热稳定性有显著提高.     

壳聚糖固定化α-葡萄糖苷酶的研究

以粉末状壳聚糖为载体 ,采用吸附 -交联的方法将 α-葡萄糖苷酶固定化。最适固定化条件研究表明 ,0 .1 g壳聚糖与 2 4 ,0 0 0 U(0 .0 8ml) α-葡萄糖苷酶进行固定化 ,在p H6.0条件下 ,室温吸附 6h,然后与 3.5%的戊二醛在 45℃交联 6h,可得到固定化酶的活力为 1 4,30 0 U,酶活力回收率为59.6%。通过实验发现 ,与游离酶相比 ,固定化酶的最适 p H向酸性方向移动 0 .5p H单位 ,为 p H4.5;最适作用温度达到70℃ ,比游离 α-葡萄糖苷酶提高 5℃ ;酸碱稳定性、热稳定性及贮存稳定性均有较大提高 ;在 60℃操作半衰期为 1 68h     

海藻酸钠-壳聚糖固定化胃蛋白酶的研究

采用海藻酸钠-壳聚糖包埋交联法对胃蛋白酶进行固定化。以固定化酶的活力回收率为指标,探讨了固定化的条件及固定化胃蛋白酶与游离胃蛋白酶的酶学性质。结果表明:最优固定化条件为,海藻酸钠浓度为3.40%,壳聚糖浓度为3.39%,CaCl2浓度为3.64%,游离酶稀释倍数20倍,交联时间4h,固定化酶回收率74.87%±1.07%;固定化酶的最适温度47℃,最适pH3.5;得到的固定化酶的操作稳定性和热力学稳定性都较好,该固定化酶重复使用5次后,活力仍可以保持62%以上。     

磁性固定化漆酶在苹果汁除酚中的应用研究

以磁性聚苯乙烯微球为载体,戊二醛为交联刑,制备出了磁性固定化漆酶。研究表明：固定化酶的Km值较游离酶小,最适温度与游离酶相同,最适pH较游离酶下降0．4个单位,热稳定性、pH稳定性和贮存稳定性均较游离酶有所提高。Fe^2 、Hg^2 、Cr^3 对固定化酶有抑制作用,Cu^2 对固定化酶有激活作用。抑制刑EDTA、DMSO对磁性固定化酶的抑制作用明显较游离酶小。固定化漆酶在40℃条件下处理2h后,苹果汁中多酚含量减少20％,而酶活力没有变化。     

壳聚糖—戊二醛固定化木聚糖酶的技术研究

采用壳聚糖微球一戊二醛交联的方法固定木聚糖酶,探讨壳聚糖浓度、戊二醛体积分数和交联时间对固定化酶相对酶活力的影响.以正交试验确定木聚糖酶的最佳固定化条件,比较固定化酶与其游离酶的最适反应pH值、pH值稳定性、最适反应温度及热稳定性.结果表明,在壳聚糖质量浓度0.1g/mL、戊二醛添加量3％、给酶量2000U/g载体、交联时间2.5h时,固定化酶的回收率较高,可达到65.38％,同时固定化和游离酶的最适温度分别为60℃、55℃,最适pH值分别为4.5、5.0,热稳定性有不同程度的提高,pH稳定性两者变化不大.木聚糖酶的固定化能有效地提高其作用性能,从而为木聚糖酶的工业化应用提供了一定的理论依据.     

弱碱性大孔树脂固定化硫磺菌β-葡萄糖苷酶的实验研究

通过实验筛选出弱碱性大孔树脂 D301R 作为固定化酶的吸附载体.以戊二醛为交联剂,采用吸附交联相结合的方法制备了固定化硫磺菌β-葡萄糖苷酶.将 D301R 大孔树脂与硫磺菌鲜菌丝提取液混合后4℃振荡吸附 12 h,用 0.075%戊二醛20℃交联 1 h 可以获得最佳的固定化效果,酶活性回收率为 46.2%,固定化酶活性为 0.38 U/g.固定化酶的最适温度略有提高,最适 pH 不变,而温度稳定性与贮存稳定性优于溶液酶.     

壳聚糖固定β-半乳糖苷酶的研究

以壳聚糖微球为载体，戊二醛为交联剂，固定β-半乳糖苷酶，对β-半乳糖苷酶的固定化条件及固定化酶的各种性质进行了研究，确定了酶固定的最适条件为：用pH6．5的P—E-M缓冲液浸泡10h，25℃壳聚糖微球与0．5％戊二醛交联12h以上，4℃下酶与壳聚塘微球固定12h以上酶活力回收可迭67％。固定化酶的最适温度为40℃左右，最适pH7．0。通过双倒数求回归方程，求得动力学参数Km值为0．613μmol／ml。固定化酶稳定性好，可以重复使用。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.