益生菌干酪的工艺研究

将植物乳杆菌MA2及Kefir发酵剂应用于益生菌干酪生产中,并对干酪的理化指标、感官进行了测定、评价,结果显示:成熟45 d后,相比于普通干酪,添加了植物乳杆菌MA2及Kefir的新型益生菌干酪的可溶性氮及不饱和脂肪酸的含量显著升高;并且具有良好的风味和质地,其中MA2干酪具有明显的酸奶味,提高了干酪的适口性,更加符合国人的口味习惯,具有良好的生产开发前景;而Kefir干酪具有Kefir发酵乳的特有风味,带有适宜的酒香味,可以被开发成个性化干酪,丰富了干酪的品种。     

植物乳杆菌KLDS1.0391在酸奶体系中的细菌素产生特点

植物乳杆菌KLDS1.0391能够合成细菌素,也是益生菌,在食品中既可作为益生菌使用,也可作为辅助发酵剂用于生物防控,该研究主要考察了KLDS1.0391菌株在酸奶体系中细菌素的产生特点。研究结果表明,在发酵的6 h期间,抑菌活性随发酵时间延长而增强,发酵结束时,添加植物乳杆菌KLDS1.0391酸奶组的抑菌活性显著高于仅使用酸奶发酵剂的对照组(P<0.01)。与对照组相比,加入辅助发酵剂的实验组的感官品质未发生明显的变化。植物乳杆菌KLDS1.0391具备开发益生酸奶的潜力。     

植物乳杆菌MA2的生物学特性研究

对Kefir源植物乳杆菌MA2的生物学特性进行了研究,结果显示,MA2菌株在MRS培养基初始pH为6.60,接种量为4%,37℃厌氧条件下培养18 h,活菌数可达到1.2×109cfu/mL。乙酸和乳酸为发酵液中的优势有机酸,且厌氧条件下发酵液中的有机酸的含量较高,厌氧发酵液中检测出的6种脂肪酸中C18∶1的含量最高。降胆固醇试验证明,低聚葡萄糖(GOS)可以促进MA2的胆固醇移除能力,移除率可达到70%;菌体细胞脂肪酸的测定结果显示MA2菌株降胆固醇的机理主要是吸附、吸收同化机理。MA2菌株的牛乳发酵试验结果显示其具有良好的产黏特性,在乳清培养基中胞外多糖产量可达380 mg/L。结合其良好的耐酸、耐胆盐特性,植物乳杆菌MA2具有良好的益生菌应用潜力。     

干酪乳杆菌纯种发酵水苏糖合生元酸奶的菌种筛选与工艺

针对目前我国合生元功能性乳制品研发水平低,大多采用益生菌与传统酸奶菌混种发酵的现状,以分离自天然发酵食品、保健品和微生物制剂等的18株新型益生菌和3种商品化发酵剂中所含益生菌为试验菌株,以传统酸奶发酵菌株保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌为对照菌株,研究菌株发酵牛乳的凝乳时间、产酸能力、感官品质,分析菌株利用水苏糖的增殖效果,筛选能利用水苏糖作为益生元生产合生元酸奶的益生菌菌株;测定了菌株在纯牛乳基础培养基中的生长曲线;研究了益生元增殖培养基中水苏糖的最适添加量;优化了水苏糖合生元酸奶产品的发酵工艺条件;检测了0 d和贮藏21 d合生元酸奶产品的质量。结果表明：新型益生菌干酪乳杆菌07-211具有发酵牛乳的能力,可利用水苏糖进行显著增殖,活菌数由3.19×108 CFU/mL增至2.05×109 CFU/mL;益生元增殖培养基中水苏糖的最适添加量为0.8%;干酪乳杆菌07-211纯种发酵水苏糖合生元酸奶的最佳工艺条件是：接种量3%,蔗糖添加量4%,发酵温度42 ℃,合生元酸奶凝乳时间4.15 h,pH 4.65,滴定酸度64.27 °T,活菌数3.96×109 CFU/mL,感官品评得分8.78分（10分制）。其中,0 d和贮藏21 d的合生元酸奶的质量均优于国标。本研究结果为工业化生产干酪乳杆菌纯种发酵水苏糖合生元酸奶产品提供理论依据,也为其它功能性合生元乳制品的研发提供借鉴。     

植物乳杆菌的降胆固研究

对植物乳杆菌MA2的体外和体内降胆固醇活性进行了研究,结果显示:培养基中添加的胆固醇的初始浓度对植物乳杆菌MA2的胆固醇去除率影响显著,当胆固醇的终质量浓度为30mg/dL,不添加胆盐的条件下,菌株MA2的胆固醇去除率达到(55±4.5)%。死菌体和休眠菌体也可去除培养基中的胆固醇,且菌体细胞浓度的影响显著。添加胆盐对菌株MA2的胆固醇去除率影响显著。体外实验表明植物乳杆菌MA2通过吸附胆固醇,进而将胆固醇吸入菌体细胞中来降低培养基中的胆固醇。MA2菌株可显著降低大鼠血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯的水平,表明其作为降血脂的益生菌的应用潜力。     

益生菌火龙果酸奶的研发

益生菌酸奶具有良好的保健功能,此外还含有丰富的营养物质。试验以植物乳杆菌菌液单一菌种发酵火龙果酸奶。通过单因素试验和正交试验设计,利用感官评定及质构仪、粘度计等仪器进行质量评定,确定最优配方。最后进行蛋白质、脂肪、酸度等理化指标及微生物指标的测定。结果表明:益生菌火龙果酸奶的最优配方为:火龙果汁12%、白砂糖11%、植物乳杆菌菌液接种量2%,发酵时间为37℃下培养19 h。通过对益生菌火龙果酸奶进行理化检验、微生物指标检验,均符合国家标准,具有更高营养价值。     

植物乳杆菌K25的技术特性

对西藏灵菇来源的一株益生性植物乳杆菌K25进行技术特性研究。结果表明,植物乳杆菌K25的凝乳活性较弱,蛋白质水解活性一般,自溶活性较高;该菌株对志贺氏菌的抑制作用较强,而对两株酸奶发酵剂菌株无抑制作用;药敏试验表明,该菌株对红霉素高度敏感;丙酸钙对植物乳杆菌K25的生长无显著影响;该菌株在发酵乳冷藏期间,表现出较好的存活能力,并且不会造成发酵乳后酸化。     

新型益生菌发酵竹笋膳食纤维酸奶的菌种筛选及通便功能研究

针对目前我国功能性乳制品研发基础薄弱,发酵膳食纤维酸奶大多采用传统酸奶菌的现状,采用全因子试验研究料水比和均质时间对竹笋膳食纤维汁pH值和稳定性的影响。以自行分离选育出的10株新型益生乳酸菌为试验菌株,以保加利亚乳杆菌Lb-DR、嗜热链球菌St-LDY为对照菌株,研究菌株在竹笋膳食纤维汁中的生长活力、产酸特性,对菌株进行初筛。分析初筛菌株发酵的竹笋膳食纤维牛乳培养基的感官品质,对菌株进行复筛。研究复筛菌株发酵竹笋膳食纤维酸奶的通便功能。结果表明：竹笋膳食纤维与水的比例1∶10,均质时间15 min,调配的竹笋膳食纤维汁均一、稳定,pH值为6.34,适合乳酸菌生长繁殖。经初筛和复筛,获得3株益生乳酸菌,即：植物乳杆菌 07-191、鼠李糖乳杆菌05-28、干酪乳杆菌05-21。将其分别在竹笋膳食纤维汁中37 ℃发酵12 h,活菌数分别是1.77×109,2.76×109,1.59×109 CFU/mL,pH值分别是4.51,4.68,4.75,滴定酸度分别是53.2,56.2,54.6 °T。其分别发酵的竹笋膳食纤维牛乳培养基的风味优于其它菌株,适宜发酵竹笋膳食纤维酸奶。复筛益生菌发酵的竹笋膳食纤维酸奶能够促进小鼠小肠推进,缩短排便时间,增加排便粒数和排便量,即竹笋膳食纤维酸奶具有通便功能。     

具有益生特性植物乳杆菌的筛选及其发酵特性的研究

通过体外益生特性和安全性评价试验,从4株植物乳杆菌中筛选出益生特性较好的益生菌菌株B14,并对B14的发酵特性进行研究。结果表明,植物乳杆菌B14与其它菌株相比,其对二甲苯和十六烷的疏水率达到80%以上,自聚集能力超过85%,共聚集能力超过75%,表现出更好的益生特性,同时,B14对Caco-2细胞的黏附能力达到30.756%,且初步判定为安全菌株。将植物乳杆菌B14作为辅助发酵剂添加在发酵乳中,24 h内发酵乳的黏度、滴定酸均得到了一定的提高。表明植物乳杆菌B14具有作为发酵乳益生菌辅助发酵剂的潜在应用前景。     

植物乳杆菌MA2对大鼠血脂代谢的影响

评价西藏Kefir蹶植物乳杆菌MA2体内降胆固醇的功效.饲喂大鼠高胆固醇饲料的同时,灌胃Lactobacillus plantarum MA2活菌制剂(1011 cells/dper rat).实验结果显示,植物乳杆菌MA2显著降低了大鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、低密度胆固醇(LDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)的水平,但是对高密度胆固醇(HDL-C)的水平并没有显著影响.另外,该制剂还显著降低了肝胆固醇和甘油三酯的含量,却明显提高了粪便中胆固醇和甘油三酯的含量.研究证明了植物乳杆菌MA2具有降血脂的益生菌应用潜力.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.