木聚糖酶预处理对麦草碱法化机浆的作用

对木聚糖酶预处理麦草碱法化学机械制浆进行了研究。结果表明,在适宜的条件下,木聚糖酶预处理可以降低磨浆能耗,提高麦草碱法化机浆的抗张强度和撕裂强度,增加纸浆的白度。     

青霉产木聚糖酶处理对麦草化学制浆和漂白性能的影响

研究了青霉产木聚糖酶预处理对麦草碱法化学制浆和漂白性能的影响.在酶法化学制浆前采用机械预处理和蒸汽预处理原料可以一定程度地改善酶处理的效果,而且木聚糖酶处理对麦草制浆性能具有改善作用.在麦草生物化学浆漂白前利用青霉产木聚糖酶预处理纸浆,可以提高漂白浆的白度和撕裂强度.     

麦草生物化机浆木聚糖酶预处理H2O2漂白研究

在麦草生物化机浆H2O2漂白时,采用单纯H2O2漂白难以获得较高白度的纸浆,但通过对浆料进行木聚糖酶预处理和在漂白过程中加入醋酸酐进行活化,可以改善H2O2漂白效率,提高漂白浆白度.麦草生物化机浆木聚糖酶预处理和醋酸酐活化处理的适宜条件分别为:木聚糖酶用量12IU/g绝干浆、120min和在H2O2漂白150min时加入5%醋酸酐处理10 min.采用木聚糖酶预处理、醋酸酐活化和H2O2漂白相结合的XP5aP5a漂白程序,可获得白度为74.6%ISO的漂白麦草生物化机浆.实验对酶预处理和漂白过程中纸浆化学成分的变化也进行了研究.     

木聚糖酶预处理对麦草化学浆漂白废水污染负荷的影响

在麦草化学浆H2O2漂白和CEH漂白时,采用自行选育的菌株ZCF-57生产的中性木聚糖酶进行预处理,研究了酶处理对漂白浆白度和漂白废水污染负荷的影响.结果表明,该木聚糖酶预处理可以有效地提高漂白浆白度,降低废水污染负荷.与对照浆相比,在达到相近白度时,预处理后H2O2用量可从5%减少到3%,P段废水BOD5、CODcr分别减少13.2%和17.0%;酶预处理可使CEH漂白产生的总CODcr和AOX分别降低50%和20%以上.     

麦草浆木聚糖酶预处理HD漂白研究

研究了木聚糖酶预处理HD漂白麦草浆的效果。结果表明：Au—PE89木聚糖酶预处理麦草浆的最佳条件为：酶用量50g／t，温度50℃，时间90～120min，pH值7.0。在HD漂白工艺中增加木聚糖酶预处理段，可使纸浆白度提高2．6％ISO，漂白废液CODcr含量减少约50％。     

麦草碱法化学机械浆纤维特性研究

用纸浆纤维筛分仪、FQA-纤维特性分析仪和扫描电子显微镜对不同预处理条件的麦草碱法化学机械浆的纤维特性进行了研究.结果表明,麦草碱法化学机械浆含有较多的P102/R203和P203组分,是其具有较高机械强度的原因,而木聚糖酶预处理可以进一步增加这部分纤维的含量,更有利于纤维的解离和提高纤维的柔软度,改善纸浆的物理性能.     

木聚糖酶预处理提高麦草化机浆可漂性及白度的研究

探讨了麦草化机浆经木聚糖酶预处理后可漂性和白度的改善效果。     

木聚糖酶用于麦草浆ECF漂白的研究

采用木聚糖酶对麦草烧碱蒽醌浆进行预处理,以期提高和改进浆料的ECF漂白性能,优化并制定出木聚精酶AU-PE89的预处理条件.实验结果表明,木聚糖酶AU-PE89的最佳处理条件为:pH值6,温度50℃,酶用量6 IU/g绝干浆.此条件下DP漂白浆的白度可达82.5%,提高1.0个百分点;DEP漂白浆的白度可达83.2%,提高2.1个百分点;DED漂白浆的白度可达81.6%,提高1.3个百分点,这表明用木聚檐酶进行生物漂白,能有效降低漂白时化学品用量.     

酶预处理对麦草NaOH-AQ制浆性能的影响

利用木聚糖酶、漆酶和纤维素酶在蒸煮前对麦草进行预处理,可降低化学浆的卡伯值,提高未漂浆的白度。和对照浆相比,酶预处理的化学浆尤其是木聚糖酶和漆酶化学浆具有更高的裂断长和撕裂指数。酶法化学浆具有良好的可漂性。漆酶和木聚糖酶的协同作用使纸浆的卡伯值进一步下降,并具有更高的强度性能。     

麦草的生物-化学制浆

报导了用两种菌Ceriporiopsis subvermispora(C.S.)和Phlebia suberialis(P.S.)分别预处理麦草对碱-蒽醌(AQ)蒸煮得到麦草浆、纸性质的影响。结果表明:菌预处理麦草能提高脱木素和碳水化合物的降解作用,P.S.比C.S.预处理更能提高纸浆的白度、降低卡伯值和黏度。菌预处理浆在所有磨浆度情况下可提高纸页的松密度、白度和撕裂指数,而降低抗张和破裂指数,C.S.比P.S.预处理浆对提高纸页松密度和降低抗张、破裂指数更加明显。还研究了阳离子聚乙烯醇(CPVA)用作干强添加剂改性纤维能够弥补菌预处理对纸页强度的损失。C.S.比P.S.预处理的碱-AQ麦草浆更易吸附CPVA,从而提高纸页强度。应用CPVA对菌预处理未磨浆工磨浆的纤维,在相同抗张强度情况下,都能达到降低纸页定量的目的。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.