高产红曲色素的紫红红曲霉诱变育种技术研究

以紫红红曲霉为出发菌株,通过物理(紫外线、超声波、微波)诱变和化学(氯化锂)诱变的方法来选育红曲色素高产菌株,实验过程中分别采用单一的诱变方法和复合诱变方法(2～4种诱变方法相结合)来处理出发菌株,选育出红曲色素高产菌株。试验结果表明,各种诱变方法对紫红红曲霉产红曲色素的能力都有不同程度的提高,其中以2种诱变方法相结合的方式对红曲霉产红曲色素能力提高最为明显,如紫外和超声波复合诱变的方法产红曲色素的色价为922U/mL,比出发菌株产红曲色素的能力提高了约3倍。但随着各结合方法的增多,诱变菌株产色素能力逐渐下降。     

高产红曲色素的紫红红曲霉诱变育种技术研究

以紫红红曲霉为出发菌株,通过物理(紫外线、超声波、微波)诱变和化学(氯化锂)诱变的方法来选育红曲色素高产菌株,实验过程中分别采用单-的诱变方法和复合诱变方法(2～4种诱变方法相结合)来处理出发菌株,选育出红曲色素高产菌株.试验结果表明,各种诱变方法对紫红红曲霉产红曲色素的能力都有不同程度的提高,其中以2种诱变方法相结合的方式对红曲霉产红曲色素能力提高最为明显,如紫外和超声波复合诱变的方法产红曲色素的色价为922 U/mL,比出发菌株产红曲色素的能力提高了约3倍.但随着各结合方法的增多,诱变菌株产色素能力逐渐下降.     

红曲抑菌物质研究的现状与展望

举例说明红曲在中国的应用,介绍红曲霉抑菌物质的研究进展,对已经发现的几种抑菌物质:红曲色素、莫纳斯叮、安卡内酯、几丁质酶和糖肽类物质等的抑菌作用作了综述.对红曲抑菌物质实现工业化进行了展望,旨在为红曲作为食品防腐剂方面提供帮助.     

红曲研究现状及发展前景

红曲含有多种生物活性物质,已成为世界性研究热题。该文对红曲、红曲霉、红曲中生物活性物质进行介绍,且指出限制红曲生产两个关键问题,并提出解决办法。     

浅谈红曲霉桔霉素

红曲产品中可能存在真菌毒素（ｍｙｃｏｔｏｘｉｎ）———桔霉素（ｃｉｔｒｉｎｉｎ）。根据国内外对红曲桔霉素的最新研究成果,介绍了桔霉素的有关性质,如桔霉素的产生菌种（株）、桔霉素的代谢途径、桔霉素的有关理化性质、如何控制桔霉素的产生。作者认为,桔霉素问题的出现,对我国红曲生产及应用领域来说,既是机遇,又是挑战。我国红曲生产行业对红曲桔霉素的问题应引起足够的重视,对生产菌种及红曲的发酵工艺技术要进行系统的考察,以便生产不含桔霉素或桔霉素含量低的红曲产品。     

红曲对黄酒挥发性风味物质的影响

研究红曲对黄酒发酵产品中挥发性风味物质的影响,为利用红曲发酵黄酒提供技术支持。试验通过向红曲中添加金属离子筛选出糖化力和酯化力较高的发酵产物,以糯米为原料,将其应用于黄酒的酿造,以不加红曲为对照,运用GC对发酵得到的黄酒产品的风味物质进行分析。结果表明,添加金属离子红曲发酵的黄酒其酯类物质含量高于对照组和无金属离子红曲发酵的黄酒,且添加红曲后黄酒中酯类物质种类多于对照组;此外,对照组中没有检测到酮类物质,而添加红曲的黄酒中检测到微量的酮类物质;同时,添加红曲的黄酒中醛类物质含量和醇类物质含量低于对照组;而红曲对黄酒中酸类物质尤其是乙酸的促进作用最为明显。主成分(PCA)分析发现,添加常规红曲和金属离子红曲都对黄酒中的风味物质组成影响较为显著。     

红曲霉产蛋白酶特性研究

通过对红曲蛋白酶活力的测定初步研究了红曲蛋白酶的特性。实验表明，红曲霉分泌蛋白酶的旺盛期在培养的第4d～6d。红曲蛋白酶的最适反应pH4．0～8．0，在pH5．0～6．0有较好的稳定性。红曲蛋白酶的最适反应温度在35℃-45℃，40℃时酶活力最大。红曲蛋白酶在35℃-40℃有较好的热稳定性。0．5％硫酸铜和0．5％醋酸铅对红曲蛋白酶有抑制作用，0．5％氯化钠对红曲蛋白酶则有激活作用。     

红曲霉在中国的生产及其应用(下)

在阐述中国红曲传统制造方法的基础上,介绍了现今酿酒用红曲生产工艺、高色价红曲的生产技术以及功能红曲的生产与探讨,并展望了红曲产业的前景。     

红曲霉在中国的生产及其应用(上)

该文在阐述中国红曲传统制造方法的基础上,介绍了现 今酿酒用红曲生产工艺、高色价红曲的生产技术以及功能红曲 的生产与探讨,并展望了红曲产业的前景。     

红曲黄酒酿造用曲真菌菌群分析

收集10种典型红曲(5种古田红曲和5种乌衣红曲),采用不基于培养的微生物分子生物学方法分析其真菌菌群结构。通过PCR-DGGE技术测定,结果表明相比于古田红曲,乌衣红曲具有更高的真菌丰度、多样性及均匀性。对DGGE电泳谱图通过主成分分析和聚类分析发现,古田红曲和乌衣红曲的真菌菌群结构具有显著性差异。通过qPCR技术对红曲黄酒酿造用曲中的优势真菌(红曲霉、黄曲霉、米根霉和酵母)进行定量分析,结果显示,古田红曲和乌衣红曲中红曲霉的平均菌量分别为(6.07±0.25)lg (CFU/g),(5.82±0.11)lg (CFU/g),两种红曲的红曲霉菌量无显著差异(P0.05)。古田红曲中黄曲霉的平均菌量为(5.94±1.04)lg (CFU/g),米根霉的平均菌量为(4.65±0.91)lg (CFU/g),酵母的平均菌量为(3.33±0.99)lg (CFU/g),而乌衣红曲中黄曲霉的平均菌量为(8.21±1.22)lg (CFU/g),米根霉的平均菌量为(6.71±1.27)lg (CFU/g),酵母的平均菌量为(5.41±0.44)lg(CFU/g),这3类优势真菌在两种红曲中都具有显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,红曲具有一定的真菌多样性,其中红曲霉是其主要优势真菌;此外,乌衣红曲与古田红曲的真菌菌群结构具有明显差异,且真菌多样性更高。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.