不同氧化剂对黄县油页岩氧化的影响

采用三种不同类型的氧化剂对黄县油页岩进行氧化。试验结果表明,采用H_2O_2 TFA(三氟醋酸)作氧化剂时,黄县油页岩中干酪根的芳构部分优先被氧化;用 KMnO_4 作氧化剂时,黄县油页岩中干酪根的脂族结构部分优先被氧化;当用空气作氧化剂时,黄县油页岩中干酪根的芳构部分和脂族结构部分同时被氧化。在碱性介质下,常压空气可以直接氧化黄县油页岩,无明显的氧化选择性。     

用高锰酸钾分步氧化法对干酪根结构的研究

本文采用碱性高锰酸钾分步氧化法,并配合现代物理仪器分析,对黄县和茂名两种页岩干酪根进行了组成结构的研究。两种干酪根分别经过16步和15步的仔细氧化,获得占原料碳82.45％和82.24％的有机酸碳收率,其中有占原料碳48.32％和42.24％的产物得到了乙醚、丙酮的溶解抽提。通过对两种干酪根及其氧化产物的元素分析和红外分析及对产物中的溶剂可溶部分的色谱和色质谱分析,证明了两种干酪根的长链脂肪性,并指出两者在组成结构上各自的特征和差异。黄县干酪根脂性强于茂名,其中尤以长链脂性更强。黄县干酪根的芳构分子比茂名少,但具有较强的稠合度。茂名干酪根中芳香组价略多,但稠合度小,而其脂环和甲基取代异构物均多于黄县。对于干酪根中杂原子的存在形式也作了粗略的探讨。通过对分步氧化产物的前后两种馏份及氧化残渣的全面分析验证,提出了对氧化机理的看法。     

油页岩CS_2-NMP萃取物中含氧化合物的分离与分析

为实现依兰油页岩萃取物中含氧化合物的分离与分析,采用索氏萃取法,在60℃条件下以CS2-NMP为萃取剂萃取依兰油页岩。用TiCl4/CuCl2两步络合法和硅胶柱色谱法对依兰页岩油中的含氧化合物进行富集,并对含氧洗脱组分进行了气相色谱-质谱串联(GC/MS)分析。结果表明:TiCl4/CuCl2两步络合法可以实现油页岩中含氮化合物的分离,脱氮率为82%,硅胶柱色谱可以实现对页岩油中含氧化合物的富集,富集组分中,氧元素的质量分数为10.69%;柱色谱富集组分中鉴定出32种含氧化合物,其组成以酚、酮、醚、酯以及有机硅氧化合物为主;在这些含氧化合物中发现了甾醇类、萜类化合物的衍生物以及酰胺基团,说明依兰油页岩中的氧可能来源于成矿的高等植物和蓝绿藻。该结果可以为依兰油页岩资源的合理利用、油页岩的成因和油母结构研究提供参考。     

济阳拗陷沙河街组页岩与美国Bakken组页岩储层“甜点”特征对比

从源岩到储层的思路,探讨济阳拗陷沙河街组页岩和美国Bakken组页岩储层特征和形成机理.通过对Bakken组和沙河街组页岩有机地球化学分析、岩性分析、储层物性分析和矿物学分析,表明沙河街组页岩储层“甜点”特征为:有机质以Ⅰ型干酪根为主;wTOC＞2.36％,R.为0.76％～0.90％;主要为纹层状泥灰岩、泥质白云岩、灰质泥岩、油泥岩和油页岩;孔隙度＞3％,渗透事＜0.5×10-3 μm2;脆性矿物质量分数＞20％;合油饱和度为60％～90％储层厚度为13.60～90 m;储层主要为沙三下亚段.对比Bakken有利页岩储层地质特征表明,Bakken组页岩储层“甜点”特征为:有机质以Ⅰ型干酪根为主;wTOC＞5.36％,R为0.51％～0.72％;砂质白云岩;孔隙度＞3％,渗透率＜0.1×10-3μm2;脆性矿物质量分数＞50％;含油饱和度为50％～71％;储层厚度为3.10～12.20 m;Bakken中段为优质储层段.沙河街组和Bakken组页岩储层形成的机理主要为有利的矿物组合和普遍发育的超压.     

评价干酪根生油气量的一种新方法

用压力差示扫描量热仪(PDSC)研究了我国茂名、抚顺、黄县油页岩干酪根(Ⅰ,Ⅱ型)及黄县褐煤(Ⅲ型)在热降解时的化学结构变化。试验中发现,在氧气压力为1.5MPa时,各种干酪根的PDSC图谱都出现两个放热峰。由放热峰的积分面积可计算出各干酪根的表观芳碳率。由此提出了计算干酪根生油、气量的新方法,可根据干酪根在热降解时的“残留脂碳率”与“干酪根质量系数”的演化图计算出生油岩的生油量和生气量,也可以根据干酪根热降解时的脂构碳、芳构碳的分布计算干酪根生油、气量的简化模式,由脂构碳的热解动力学参数计算出生油岩的油气生成量。     

评价干酪根生油气量的一种新方法

用压力差示扫描量热仪（PDSC）研究了我国茂名、抚顺、黄县油页岩干酪根（I，Ⅱ型）及黄县褐煤（Ⅲ型）在热降解时的化学结构变化。试验中发现，在氧气压力为1．5MPa时，各种干酪根的PDSC图谱都出现两个放热峰。由放热峰的积分面积可计算出各干酪根的表观芳碳率。由此提出了计算干酪根生油、气量的新方法，可根据干酪根在热降解时的“残留脂碳率”与“干酪根质量系数”的演化图计算出生油岩的生油量和生气量，也可以根据干酪根热降解时的脂构碳、芳构碳的分布计算干酪根生油、气量的简化模式，由脂构碳的热解动力学参数计算出生油岩的油气生成量。     

黄县油页岩热分解动力学——586℃后第二失重阶段的考察

本文通过对不同热解终温度页岩半焦及化学处理后页岩样品红外吸收光谱的对比,结合热分解动力学参数及其它依据,对黄县油页岩第二个热解失重阶段进行了综合考察。结果表明,主要是页岩中白云石及方解石等碳酸盐类矿物质的分解导致了黄县油页岩第二个热解失重阶段的出现。采用一级动力学模型满意地拟合了第二失重阶段的实验数据,求得的表观活化能及指前因子与文献列举的 Colorado页岩中白云石及方解石的热解动力学参数值相当吻合。     

西山—金鸿山地区下侏罗统泥页岩有机地化特征

西山—金鸿山地区赋存较厚的侏罗系泥页岩层,厚度40～280 m,部分区域暗色泥页岩有效厚度达到100～200 m。为了解该泥页岩的有机地化特征,通过观察分析地表侏罗系泥页岩层,系统的采集样品,对采集的泥页岩样品进行室内测试分析,并对研究区泥页岩的总有机碳(TOC)、镜质组分射率(Ro)、干酪根显微组分、干酪根元素、干酪根同位素测试成果数据进行综合分析。结果表明:该区茫崖煤矿以及黑石山地区TOC含量相对较低(1. 0%～3. 0%),中部地区TOC含量较高(超过2. 0%～3. 0%),泥页岩为好的烃源岩;采用氢碳原子比、干酪根类型指数及干酪根碳同位素指标确定该区的泥页岩干酪根类型为Ⅱ2型;泥页岩镜质组反射率(Ro)较高(1. 3%～2. 2%),基本达到成熟阶段及以上,生烃潜力较大。该区泥页岩的有机地化特征各项目测试值满足陆相页岩气有利区优选的标准,由此优选出以西山煤矿北—柴水沟—小西沟—月牙山一线为南界,阿尔金山前断裂带为北界的页岩气有利区。     

干酪根的结构演化与成烃

干酪根的成烃能力，主要取决于它内在的化学结构及其在演化过程中的化学变化。为了测定干酪根的官能团及结构参数，对各种干酪根的分析方法进行了应用开发与改进。这些方法包括Ｘ射线衍射，固体Ｃ－１３核磁共振，红外光谱，差示扫描量热，两步热重，热解色谱等。应用超临界流体抽提，固体Ｃ－１３核磁与有关的化学分析方法，分别研究了抚顺，茂名油页岩干酪根和黄县褐煤的化学结构，提出了它们的平均分子结构模型。通过各类干酪根…     

四种腐植酸的组成性质研究

对四种来源不同的腐植酸(张家口褐煤、大同褐煤抽提腐植酸、黄县褐煤、黄县黑页岩氧化腐植酸)进行了工业分析、元素分析、官能团、光密度、凝聚限度、分子量、红外和~1H-NMR等化学和物理方法的测定,为其应用研究提供基础数据。结果表明,四种腐植酸的组成结构有较大差异,其中以张家口褐煤腐植酸具有较多的脂碳结构,分子量较小,具钠盐县有最低的表面张力。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.