Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower ()rdovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as “oil families“, although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any “oil family“. Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the/rower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new “oil family“ within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

轮南周缘地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩沉积相发育规律

塔里木盆地轮南周缘地区奥陶系发育良好,主要由海相碳酸盐岩和陆源碎屑岩组成。沉积相分析表明,中下奥陶统鹰山组为区域性的开阔台地相台内滩夹滩间海沉积,中奥陶统一间房组为区域性的海水变浅的开阔台地浅滩夹点礁沉积,上奥陶统吐木休克组发育沉没台地－斜坡相,上奥陶统良里塔格组是在晚奥陶世海侵背景下碳酸盐岩台地边缘－斜坡相的沉积产物。研究区奥陶系发育两期礁滩体,第一期礁滩体发育于中奥陶统一间房组,第二期礁滩体发育于上奥陶统良里塔格组上部,两期礁滩体的发育环境和分布范围各具特色。奥陶系碳酸盐岩沉积相带总体上呈近南北向展布,各相带在近东西方向上错落有序分布,并且随时间发生明显的侧向迁移。     

塔河油田于奇6井地层特征分析

通过对新疆塔里木盆地塔河油田于奇东三维地震工区于奇6井古生界奥陶系下统蓬莱坝组、寒武系上统丘里塔格群的岩性和电性特征分析,揭示了奥陶系下统蓬莱坝组、寒武系上统丘里塔格群的地质属性,从地质录井、测井资料角度剖析其地层特征,为深化研究该区寒武系建隆体的发育特征、储集特性,同时为井控程度、油藏基础研究、储量计算和下步勘探方案的制定提供基础资料。     

喀什凹陷原油与油砂地球化学研究与油源分析

喀什凹陷是塔西南坳陷油气显示丰富的地区之一,也是塔里木盆地连接中亚油气勘探的前沿阵地,确定油气显示的油源特征对油气勘探具有重要的意义。研究了克拉托背斜北翼大量存在的原油和油砂抽提物的地球化学特征,评价了凹陷北缘库孜贡苏剖面侏罗系烃源岩和南缘炮江沟剖面石炭系烃源岩,得出了两套烃源岩的分子地球化学特征,确定了原油和油砂抽提物的油源。结果显示,中、下侏罗统粉砂质泥岩和下石炭统黑色碳质泥岩是该区较好的两套烃源岩,两者存在明显的分子地球化学特征差异;通过对饱和烃馏分中甾、萜烷和芳烃馏分中三芴化合物、三芳甾烷等生物标志物特征的刻画,发现喀什凹陷原油与中、下侏罗统烃源岩具对比性,克拉托背斜油砂抽提物的分子地球化学特征明显不同于中、下侏罗统烃源岩,而与下石炭统黑色碳质泥岩具有较好的对比,三芳甾烷证据认为早期石炭系烃源贡献可能对原油和油砂都有影响。油源的新认识对喀什凹陷下一步油气勘探具有一定决策参考。     

阿北区块A井区构造特征及油气地质条件

环阿瓦提凹陷区(环阿区)的油气勘探一直没有重大突破,近年来随着钻探技术及认识程度的提高,对环阿区油气勘探前景,尤其是对潜在有利构造带进行重新评估显得十分迫切。基于前人研究成果,利用A井区已有钻探及新旧地震资料,通过开展系统的地层、构造解释与关键层位(第三系底、中上奥陶灰岩顶)构造图编制,揭示该井区中新生界为一完整的、轴向NW—SE的线状挤压背斜,古生界则为一个大型的冲断盐丘穹隆状背斜,古生界盐构造的解释与前期认识有较大差异。在此基础之上,通过分析其油气地质条件,得出该井区具有构造圈闭规模大、毗邻中上奥陶统闭塞海湾相烃源岩、裂缝性储层发育、盖层条件好、海西晚期(二叠纪末)形成古构造圈闭、印支—喜山期继承性隆起且处于油气运移和充注中心等较为有利的油气地质条件。其不利因素为埋藏较深(达6 400～7 500 m),且可能受到东北部大型火山侵入体的影响。     

准噶尔盆地腹部二叠系混源油油源组成与聚集特征研究

准噶尔盆地腹部地区原油普遍混源,为确定混源油的油源组成,本文尝试选取代表不同端元的单一油源原油的样品,进行人工配比混合模拟实验,发现原油饱和烃馏分C20-C21-C23三环萜烷的峰形会随不同油源原油的混合比例而有规律地变化.据此,以本区邻近盆1井西生烃凹陷的莫索湾和莫北油田为例,研究了混源油的聚集特征,结果表明,在近生烃凹陷区,晚期生成的下乌尔禾组生源油所占比例较高,而在远生烃凹陷地区,早期生成的风城组生源油所占比例较高,后期下乌尔禾组原油对前期风城组原油的"推动"作用以及发生在"推动"过程中的混源效应和次生变化,是准噶尔盆地腹部地区原油聚集过程中的重要特征.     

Identification of the Kukersite-type source rocks in the Ordovician Stratigraphy from the Tarim Basin, NW China

Due to the importance of the Gloeocapsomorpha Prisca （G. prisca）-enriched source rocks, which belong to Kukersite-type source rocks in the Lower Paleozoic Ordovician strata, it has received great attentions during the petroleum exploration as to whether there are the Kukersite-type source rocks developed in the major hydrocarbon source strata of the Upper and Middle Ordovician in the Tarim Basin. Using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrography to analyse kerogens from source rocks in the lime- mud mound with moderate maturity, study reveals that there are the Kukersite-type source rocks in the Ordovician strata of the Tarim Basin. The pyrolysis products showed a low content of 〉n-C19 normal alkanes with a significant odd-even predominance between n-C13 and n-Cl7, long-chain alky substituted alkylbenzene and alkylthiophene isomers and distinctive distribution of 5-N- alkyl-1, 3-Benzenediol and its homologous. Based on the geographic environment characteristics of G. Prisca, the molecular dis- tributions of crude oil from the Lower Paleozoic petroleum systems in the Tarim Basin and characteristics of kerogen pyrolysis products from the Middle and Upper Ordovician source rocks, the results suggested that it is less possible to develop the G. Pris- ca-enriched Kukersite-type source rocks in the major hydrocarbon source rocks in the Middle and Upper Ordovician strata in the Tarim Basin. However, the benthic macroalga and planktonic algae-enriched source rocks are the main contributors.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西北部奥陶系“三元”主控成藏规律

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地西北部奥陶系烃源岩、储集层及天然气展布规律的研究,探讨其天然气成藏规律。奥陶系烃源岩主要分布在上统乌拉力克组和拉什仲组,以海相泥岩为主;储层主要发育在中统克里摩里组和桌子山组,依据岩石类型、孔隙结构,可分为岩溶孔洞型储层和白云岩晶间溶孔型储层;天然气藏的形成受烃源岩、储层和圈闭的"三元"主控,具有有效烃源岩控制天然气区域分布、优质储层控制天然气聚集带展布、有效圈闭控制气藏分布特征。鄂尔多斯盆地西北部的西侧气藏主要为油型气,东侧主要为煤型气,均为上生下储的成藏模式。     

The distribution of the oil derived from Cambrian source rocks in Lunnan area,the Tarim Basin,China

There are great differences in biomarks between Cambrian oil and Middle-Upper Ordovician oil. In this stuty, the authors analyzed 40 oils found in Lunnan area by GC-MS and calculated the content of Cambrian oil in the 40 oils according to the steroid indexes of typical oil mixture and match experiment. The results show that it is a general phenomenon in Ordovician reservoir that the oil derived from Cambrian source rock mixed with the oil derived from Middle-Upper Ordovician source rock in Lunnan area, the mixture degree of the two oils is lower in Carboniferous reservoir than in Ordovician reservoir, and the oils kept in Triassic reservoir have single source, Middle-Upper Ordovician source rock. The mixture oils mainly composed of Cambrian oil (>50%) distributed in Sangtamu fault zone, and the oils found in Lunnan fault zone are Middle-Upper Ordovician oil. This distribution of oils in Lunnan area is owing to that Lunnan fault zone is located in anticline axis part, Lunnan fault zone underwent serious erosion, and the oils from Cambrian source rock accumulated in Lunnan fault zone were degraded completely during Caledonian-Hercynian movement. But the Cambrian oil accumulated in Sangtamu fault zone was not degraded completely and some of them were left for the location of Sangtamu fault zone is lower than Lunnan fault zone. Later, the oil derived from Middle-Upper Ordovician source rock mixed with the remained Cambrian oil, and the mixture oil formed in Sangtamu fault zone.     

四川龙门山区晚泥盆世的轮藻化石层及其地质意义

本文描述了四川龙门山区晚泥盆世轮藻藏卵器的两个种,一是Sycidium melo F.Sandberger,(甜瓜形直立轮藻),另一是Sycidium melo var.pskowensis Karpinsky(甜瓜形直立轮藻卜斯科变种)。这两个Sycidium种的数量非常丰富,组成一Sycidium粘土层,这对理解法拉与法门期之间的生物灭绝,晚泥盆世的海退及地层中的似整合等问题是十分重要的。     

四川盆地南部中下寒武统石膏岩的发现与油气勘探

预测四川盆地覆盖区的中下寒武统优质膏质岩盖层的分布,为油气勘探提供依据。通过石膏露头细测、野外剖面实测与钻录井分析的方法,发现四川盆地南部的雷波县沙坪子西王庙组(-C2x)、火草坪龙王庙组(-C1l)2个中下寒武统石膏露头点,膏质岩层出露6层,厚度21.5m。描述了甘洛县黑马中寒武统大鼻山组(-C2d)石膏露头共5层,厚度18.5m。同时,窝深1井也揭示中下寒武统膏质岩层,在抓抓岩与乐山范店实测剖面上发现了可与石膏露头、钻井类比的膏溶角砾岩。研究表明,雷波-甘洛石膏露头区发育内缓坡相、蒸发岩台地(或塞卜哈)、局限台地相潮间坪亚相与潟湖亚相的石膏岩与膏溶角砾岩沉积,它们与泥晶白云岩或红色泥岩共生;蒸发岩台地堆积紫红色泥质岩与透镜状、结核状、角砾状构造的灰色泥晶含石膏质白云岩;局限台地相发育潮间坪亚相韵律条带、波状构造的石膏质白云岩、含白云质石膏岩与膏溶角砾岩,以及盐湖或潟湖亚相块状纯石膏岩与韵律条带构造的含白云质石膏岩。这些膏质岩的确认与相分析表明四川盆地南部发育一条长60～70km膏质岩带,它对油气勘探具有重要的意义。     

中国南方大地构造演化及其对油气的控制

按照板块构造理论及活动论、阶段论的思想，大致以中晚三叠世为界，将中国南方自震旦纪以来大地构造演化历史划分成海相盆地演化阶段（Z－T2）及陆相盆地演化阶级（T3－Q）两大阶段；又可进一步细分为扬子克拉通及其周缘裂谷盆地（Z－1q)、裂谷－克拉通－被动大陆边缘盆地（1c-O1）、被动陆缘－克拉通－前陆盆地（O2－S）、加里东运动（S末）、裂谷－克拉通盆地（D－T1）、克拉通残留海盆－弧后（浊积）盆地（T2）、印支运动（T2－T3）、华北－华南板块焊合、古特提斯封闭与前陆盆地的形成（T3－J2）、压扭背景下的改造作用及拉分盆地的形成（J3－K1）、伸展－裂陷盆地的形成（K2－E）、喜马拉雅运动（E末－N初）及披盖性构造层的形成（N－Q）12个阶段。特别是对南方自中晚三叠世以来的大地构造演化及其对现存油气的控制作用进行了系统研究，提出了晚侏罗世－早白垩世燕山运动对南方中生界、古生界原生油气藏的保存与破坏起到了决定性作用及燕山、喜马拉雅运动控制了现今南方原生、次生及再生烃（二次生烃）油气藏分布的新观点。     

西藏日土县拉竹龙—双陷大坂的泥盆系和石炭系

本文主要论述西藏日土县以北拉竹龙-双陷大坂地区,新发现比较完整的中、晚泥盆世和早石炭世地层。根据化石和岩性特征,把该区中、上泥盆统划分为中泥盆统的三岔口组、万泉河组,上泥盆统的邦达组、拉竹龙组;下石炭统划分为月牙湖组、双陷大坂组。上述各组除拉竹龙组外,均为新建组名。三岔口组、万泉河组、邦达错组和拉竹龙组的层位,分别与应堂阶、东岗岭阶、余田桥阶和锡矿山阶相当,而月牙湖组和双陷大坂组的层位,则分别与岩关阶和大塘阶相当。     

Silurian to Devonian foreland basin in the south edge of Tarim Basin

Based on the theory of plate tectonics, combin-ing with the isotopic dating of ophiolite, igneous and volcan-ics, geochemical test, rare earth element analyze and seismicinterpretation, this paper studies the pre-Carboniferous tec-tonics and sedimentary formation of the south edge of theTarim Basin and proves that there exists the Kunlun Oceanunder tensional tectonics during the Sinian and Cambrian inthe south edge of the Tarim Plate. After that, due to the colli-sion orogenesis, there formed the peripheral foreland basinin the south edge of Tarim. The Upper Silurian and Devo-nian molasses sedimentary system superposed on the Sinianand Middle Silurian passive margin flysch sedimentary sys-tem and formed the bivariate structure of the foreland basin.And at the same time, based on the field geology and seismicinterpretation, we have identified that the formation of theSilurian and Devonian have the character of half depositwhich shows thick in the south area and thin in the north,and the pre-Carboniferous thrust compression tectonics re-mained in the foreland thrust belt, which further demon-strates that there existed the Silurian and Devonian periph-eral foreland basin on the south edge of the Tarim Basin.     

阿克库勒凸起中-上奥陶统地层划分及加里东中期第Ⅰ幕古喀斯特特征

随着阿克库勒凸起奥陶系油气勘探向外围拓展,需要重新认识中-上奥陶统地层划分方案和加里东中期第Ⅰ幕古喀斯特作用。通过岩心、FMI成像测井、自然伽马能谱测井和古生物资料的对比分析,认为恰尔巴克组GR尖峰下面的含泥灰岩段归于上奥陶统,恰尔巴克组厚度受一间房组上段滩相沉积底形的控制,含泥灰岩段起到填平补齐的作用;FMI成像测井和自然伽马能谱测井中KU和KThU两个参数能较好地划分该界线,新方案在塔北具有借鉴意义。根据该地层划分方案,中-上奥陶统在S109-S119-S114井以南地区为连续沉积,以北的地区存在暴露剥蚀。加里东中期第Ⅰ幕喀斯特对北部的于奇地区影响较大。     

四川盆地页岩气藏和连续型-非连续型气藏基本特征

四川盆地是一个多旋回叠合盆地,发育了两套海相优质烃源岩(下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩,下志留统龙马溪组页岩),其有机质成熟度高(R_o=1.5%～6%),绝大多数地区普遍不利于页岩气藏的形成;另发育两套海陆过渡相(上二叠统龙潭组和上三叠统须家河组)优质烃源岩,其成熟度相对较低(R_o=0.7%～3%),在川西南-川南地区具有较有利的页岩气勘探前景.四川盆地页岩烃源岩排烃效率高, 为大规模油气藏提供了烃源;多存在晚期快速隆升调整过程, 为吸附气的解吸创造了条件.页岩气藏经历了早期地质条件优越、生物气高效成藏,中期深埋地腹、原油裂解气快速成藏,晚期快速隆升、脱溶气和解吸气调整成藏等过程.四川叠合盆地油气藏具有多样性特征, 发育了从非连续型到连续型完整序列的油气藏类型.典型的非连续型气藏主要是指构造圈闭(以及部分构造-岩性圈闭)气藏,其圈闭相对独立,非连续分布, 储集空间类型以孔隙型为主.震旦系威远气田、川东石炭系气田群及川东北下三叠统飞仙关组气藏群等具有相对典型的非连续型气藏特征.非连续型-连续型过渡气藏介于连续型气藏与非连续型气藏之间,呈分散状或连续状分布, 圈闭类型多以复合圈闭为主,可发育有裂缝圈闭(川东南二叠系阳新统气藏)及岩性圈闭(上三叠统须家河组气藏).储集空间以裂缝型或次生溶孔为主,非均质性强,普遍存在异常高压.四川盆地连续型气藏应以页岩气藏为主, 但现今未有成功勘探开发页岩气藏的实例.四川叠合盆地具有多旋回构造-沉积演化、优质烃源岩分布的区域性、储层的非均质性和天然气的活动性,及油气成藏经历了生物气、吸附气、裂解气、脱溶气和解吸气演替等多样性特征.因此,四川盆地的油气勘探和研究应形成常规与非常规、连续型与非连续型、原生与次生油气藏的立体勘探和研究局面, 尤其应加强非连续型-连续型过渡油气藏特征、形成机理和分布规律的研究.     

A comprehensive review concerning the problem of marine crudes sources in Tarim Basin

The issue of source of oil/gas in the platform basin area in Tarim Basin has been debated for a long time, and the debate is focused on whether the marine oil/gas resources that have been discovered in the basin were originated from hydrocarbon source rocks in the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician or in the Mid-Upper Ordovician. In this paper a summary was made in regard to the major points and supporting data by the predecessors, and a discussion was conducted toward the core issues related to the study on the oil source in the Tarim Basin area, such as choice of correlation parameters, influence of maturation and physical differentiation on oil source correlation parameters, and geological and geochemical significance of these relevant correlation indices. It is quite probable that different interpretation results could arise from the oil source correlation due to choice of parameters severely affected by the thermal maturation and physical differentiation effect, and insisted that only those parameters that come with clearly defined geochemical significance and are less affected by thermal maturation and variations occurring during secondary evolution process are valid ones. The marine crude in Tarim Basin covers contributions that were originated from two sets of hydrocarbon source rocks as mentioned above but dominated by the one from the Mid-Upper Ordovician hydrocarbon source rocks. Here oil of mixed sources occurs extensively, and crude from Cambrian sources was also discovered. It is suggested that for further study on the origin of marine crudes in Tarim Basin, the parameters used for correlation of oil sources shall be optimized, and a comprehensive set of geological and geochemical methods shall be adopted for this purpose.     

灌县九甸坪上古生界地层剖面及岩石地层单位的划分

四川灌县九甸坪剖面横切龙门山的懒板凳飞来峰。文章根据岩石特征、古生物特征对该剖面进行了岩石地层单位的划分，从中识别出下泥盆统甘溪组、上泥盆统茅坝组及下石炭统总长沟组，并与邻区相应地层进行了对比。     

Molecular fossils and oil-source rock correlations in Tarim Basin, NW China

The distribution of "molecular fossils" (bio-markers) of steroid compounds in extracts from some spe-cific geologic age in the Tarim Basin have been analyzed andare used as the fingerprints for the oil-source rock correla-tion. Having been affected by maturation, migration, phasefractionation and biodegradation, not any molecular fossilsrelated to source and environment can be used as the finger-prints for oil-source rock correlation. Some special bio-markers widely existed in the extracts from Cambrian andOrdovician rocks in the Tarim Basin and showed obviousdifference in each stratum, including dinosteranes (C₃₀),4-methyl-24-ethyl-cholestanes (C₃₀) and their aromatizedsteroids, C₂₄-norcholestanes and C₂₈ steranes originated fromdinoflagellates and diatom. Few oils such as the heavy oildrilled in the Cambrian reservoir from Tadong 2 well (TD2)correlated well with the extracts from the Cambrian. Theamazing similarity of the relative contents of these com-pounds between the marine oils produced in Tazhong andTabei uplifts and the extracts from the Upper Ordoviciansuggests that the Middle-Upper Ordovician is the very likelymain source for the marine oils.     

四川威远震旦系与下古生界天然气成藏特征

四川盆地威远气田是唯一的在震旦系灯影组、寒武系洗象池组和奥陶系宝塔组均获得气藏和气井的地区.通过对比威远气田震旦系、寒武系和奥陶系天然气成分特征,得出奥陶系天然气与震旦-寒武系特征存在差异,暗示是两套不同的烃源体系,前者主要供烃来源是下志留统,后者供烃来源主要是下寒武统.但威远气田寒武系和奥陶系储集性能先天不好,加之加里东期构造抬升剥蚀破坏了保存条件,制约了天然气的大规模成藏.在此基础上,通过对四川盆地下组合的几个重点勘探地区威远-资阳-安平店、高石梯-丁山构造震旦系天然气成藏条件的对比分析,在烃源、盖层和储集层条件相似的情况下对应的最终成藏结果却不同,这与前期古油气藏的分布有关,也与后期隆升构造调整有关,这些都是制约震旦系的成藏关键,也说明四川盆地震旦系与下古生界(下组合)勘探的苛刻性和复杂性.