红外预热处理对压榨紫苏籽油品质 及抗氧化活性的影响

采用不同温度、时间红外预热处理紫苏籽,探讨其对压榨紫苏籽油品质（包括理化指标、脂肪酸组成、褐变程度、活性成分含量）、抗氧化活性及氧化稳定性的影响。结果表明：经红外预热处理制备的紫苏籽油理化指标、脂肪酸组成均符合LS/T 3254—2017《紫苏籽油》要求,脂肪酸组成与未经红外预热处理的无显著差异,且180 ℃红外预热处理30 min能够显著提高紫苏籽油多酚和黄酮含量、抗氧化活性及氧化稳定性（P＜0.05）。此外,相关性分析表明紫苏籽油褐变程度、多酚含量、黄酮含量与抗氧化活性、氧化稳定性呈极显著或显著正相关（P<0.01,P＜005）。180 ℃、30 min适宜作为紫苏籽红外预热处理条件,研究结果为紫苏籽油的制备提供了参考依据。     

压力炒籽技术在生产压榨亚麻籽油中的应用研究

采用常压炒籽、微波和压力炒籽预处理亚麻籽并压榨制油,分析探讨了不同预处理工艺对压榨亚麻籽油的气味、色泽、理化指标、营养成分含量、DPPH自由基清除能力、脂肪酸组成及氧化稳定性的影响。结果表明:未处理及微波、压力炒籽预处理所得压榨亚麻籽油的色泽、酸价和过氧化值等理化指标均优于目前常采用的常压炒籽(170℃,45 min),压力炒籽所得压榨亚麻籽油具有令人愉悦的浓香风味;采用压力炒籽(1. 0 MPa)和微波(亚麻籽水分含量17%,700 W,6 min)所得亚麻籽油的营养品质较好,DPPH自由基清除能力较强,且不同预处理工艺对亚麻籽油脂肪酸组成影响不大;经过常压炒籽(170℃,45 min)得到的压榨亚麻籽油氧化稳定性最好,压力炒籽(1. 0 MPa)其次。因此,利用压力炒籽技术提高压榨亚麻籽油的品质是可行的。     

4种特色植物油的抗氧化能力和防紫外辐射活性比较

以紫苏籽、牡丹籽、亚麻籽、金花葵籽为材料,采用压榨法提取4种植物油,对4种植物油进行多酚含量、自由基清除能力和紫外辐射活性比较分析,并经气相色谱质谱联用法分析4种油的脂肪酸组成。结果表明,紫苏、牡丹、亚麻、金花葵4种植物油脂的不饱和脂肪酸含量均显著高于饱和脂肪酸含量,其中紫苏、牡丹、亚麻的α-亚麻酸含量大于37%;多酚含量变化趋势为亚麻籽油紫苏籽油牡丹油籽金花葵籽油, DPPH自由基的清除能力比较与其相同;紫外吸收能力是紫苏籽油牡丹籽油亚麻籽油金花葵籽油。烘箱法加速氧化前后的过氧化值变化稳定性为紫苏籽油金花葵籽油牡丹籽油亚麻籽油。紫苏籽油、牡丹籽油、亚麻籽油这3种亚麻酸含量高的植物油自由基清除能力和紫外吸收能力相比于金花葵有较大的优势。     

制油工艺对紫苏油品质的影响研究

研究压榨、浸提与超临界CO2萃取3种工艺制得的紫苏油中脂肪酸组成、挥发物、不皂化物、维生素E的种类及含量差异,分析不同工艺对紫苏油品质的影响.结果表明,脱壳紫苏籽超临界CO2萃取工艺制得的紫苏籽油中亚麻酸含量和维生素E含量最高;通过脱壳处理能显著降低超临界CO2制备紫苏籽油的蜡质含量,提高紫苏油品质.脱壳紫苏籽超临界C...     

微波预处理紫苏籽对其油脂品质及抗氧化特性的影响

对紫苏籽采用微波预处理技术,并低温压榨制油。测定分析其理化、营养及抗氧化指标,以考察微波处理对紫苏油品质的影响。结果表明:微波预处理显著增加了油的酸价、过氧化值,降低了油的水分及挥发物含量,使油脂色泽变深;紫苏油含有丰富的α-亚麻酸,且微波预处理不影响油的脂肪酸组成(P0.05);微波预处理可提高紫苏油中维生素E及植物甾醇含量,有效改善油脂的抗氧化能力。黄酮物质的热不稳定性使其在微波后含量少量降低。     

椪柑籽油提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性的研究

本研究以椪柑籽为原料,采用响应面法优化压榨及亚临界丁烷萃取工艺,得到椪柑籽油最佳提取条件,并对所得椪柑籽油进行抗氧化活性研究。结果表明压榨法最佳工艺条件为加热时间2 min、微波功率900 w和喷水比例2.10%,出油率达到27.12%；亚临界丁烷萃取最佳工艺条件为萃取次数4次、萃取温度45 ℃、萃取时间43 min,出油率达到10.02%。高效液相色谱分析结果表明,亚临界椪柑籽油中橙皮苷含量(49.60 μg/g)和柚皮苷含量(30.07 μg/g)分别高于压榨椪柑籽油中橙皮苷含量(17.29 μg/g)和柚皮苷含量(28.30 μg/g)。当样品质量浓度为50 mg/mL,亚临界椪柑籽油DPPH自由基清除率为71.81%,ABTS自由基清除率为48.66%,总抗氧化能力为0.123 mmol/L。压榨椪柑籽油DPPH自由基清除率为24.34%,ABTS自由基清除率为15.11%,总抗氧化能力为0.102 mmol/L。因此,亚临界椪柑籽油比压榨椪柑籽油具有更强的抗氧化活性。     

微波预处理压榨茶叶籽油及其氧化稳定性

采用微波预处理压榨法提取茶叶籽油,与烘烤后压榨法在提取率、理化性质和氧化稳定性进行了比较.结果表明,微波预处理压榨茶叶籽油得率比120℃烘烤后压榨得油率高9.6％,为21.81％,油脂提取率为77.5％;微波预处理压榨茶叶籽油的理化性质与60、80℃烘烤后压榨茶叶籽油无明显差异;微波预处理压榨茶叶籽油氧化稳定性高于60℃烘烤后压榨的茶叶籽油,适当升高烘烤温度,压榨茶叶籽油的氧化稳定性升高,当烘烤温度达到120℃时,其氧化稳定性下降.     

微波预处理对压榨南瓜籽油品质的影响

以南瓜籽仁为原料,研究了微波预处理对压榨南瓜籽油品质的影响。结果表明：随着微波功率的增加和处理时间的延长,压榨南瓜籽油的酸值变化不大;当微波功率为350 W和550 W时,随着处理时间的延长,南瓜籽油过氧化值总体呈增长趋势,而微波功率为700 W时,南瓜籽油过氧化值则呈先上升后下降的趋势。微波预处理能提高南瓜籽油中总酚、甾醇、总生育酚的含量,分别在550 W微波处理12、9、9 min时达最高,为1 352.7 mg/kg、2.54 mg/g和56.95 mg/100 g,比微波处理前分别提高了87.61%、29.59%和15.17%。同时微波预处理也能提升南瓜籽油的氧化诱导时间、DPPH自由基清除能力和ABTS自由基清除能力,在550 W微波处理9 min时,氧化诱导时间、DPPH自由基清除率、ABTS自由基清除率最高,分别为5.83 h、295.11 μmol/100 g和724.35 μmol/100 g,比微波处理前分别提高了57.57%、33.96%和64.46%。适当的微波预处理可以显著增加南瓜籽油中油脂伴随物含量,提高油脂的氧化稳定性和抗氧化能力。     

红外与微波预处理油茶籽对其原油DPPH自由基清除能力的影响

为了研究油茶籽油氧化稳定性机制,了解不同预处理方式对油茶籽油抗氧化能力的影响,以DPPH自由基清除能力为指标,对油茶籽分别经红外与微波预处理后得到的油茶籽原油及其极性组分和非极性组分抗氧化能力进行分析。结果表明：油茶籽分别经红外和微波预处理后,得到的油茶籽原油及其极性、非极性组分DPPH自由基清除能力变化显著;红外预处理的油茶籽所制油茶籽原油及其非极性组分的DPPH自由基清除能力高于相应微波预处理,其最大值分别高3.53μg/g和6.47μg/g;微波预处理的油茶籽所制油茶籽原油中极性组分的DPPH自由基清除能力最大值比相应红外预处理的高38.77μg/g。油茶籽原油对DPPH自由基的清除能力主要来自其极性组分,非极性组分的DPPH自由基清除能力弱于极性组分。     

炒籽温度对压榨亚麻籽油品质的影响

采用不同温度对亚麻籽进行炒籽并压榨制油,对压榨亚麻籽油的感官品质、理化指标及营养成分进行分析,研究炒籽温度对压榨亚麻籽油品质的影响。结果表明:随着炒籽温度的升高,压榨亚麻籽油的气味从坚果芳香过渡到严重焦糊味,色泽加深,在195℃炒籽45 min时形成热榨亚麻籽油特有的浓香型风味;营养成分如VE、总酚以及甾醇含量随炒籽温度升高而逐渐减少,在255℃炒籽45 min时,3种营养成分的损失率分别为75. 7%、76. 5%和88. 9%;酸价、过氧化值、茴香胺值、K232值、K270值随炒籽温度升高而增加,且炒籽温度对压榨亚麻籽油中主要脂肪酸含量有显著影响;适当炒籽对压榨亚麻籽油的氧化稳定性是有利的;高温炒籽压榨亚麻籽油中的营养成分含量与其理化指标密切相关,进而共同影响压榨亚麻籽油的品质。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.