转运体在药物胆汁排泄中的作用

目的:综述转运体在药物胆汁排泄中的作用。方法:以近几年国内外研究文献为基础,从转运体介导药物的胆汁排泄过程、介导药物胆汁排泄的转运体、药物相互作用、转运体的基因多态性等方面进行综述。结果:转运体对药物体内经胆汁排泄过程、临床用药安全性、用药后的个体差异等方面均存在影响。结论:随着对转运体认识的不断深入,其将在药物设计、临床合理用药、个体化治疗等方面发挥重要作用。     

肝脏转运蛋白在药物肝胆转运中的作用

目的对肝脏转运蛋白在药物肝胆转运中的作用作一综述,为药物肝靶向提供依据。方法根据文献,从药物不良反应、药物的矢量转运、药物肝靶向性、药物之间相互作用4个方面阐述肝脏转运蛋白对药物肝胆排泄产生的影响。结果肝脏转运蛋白引起的药物矢量转运影响药物的肝脏摄取,药物肝靶向性影响药物的疗效,药物之间相互作用影响临床用药安全和不良反应。结论肝脏转运蛋白在药物肝胆转运中起到了重要的作用,它与药物在体内各组织分布、临床疗效均有密切的联系。     

Caco-2细胞模型在口服药物吸收研究中的应用

目的对Caco 2细胞模型在口服药物肠吸收研究中的应用作一综述。方法在引用了自1974~2004年的32篇文献的基础上,通过介绍并比较体外Caco 2模型和体内药物吸收转运的不同途径,讨论Caco 2单层细胞模型在预测不同类药物体内吸收中的作用。结果Caco 2细胞模型可以预测不同转运途径的药物体内吸收,尤其适用于被动转运药物,这一细胞模型在药物吸收机制、处方组成透膜性和黏膜毒性、药物吸收过程中的相互作用、药物的化学结构和体内转运关系、药物吸收限速因素、药物代谢稳定性及pH对药物吸收的影响等研究中均有较广泛的应用。结论Caco2细胞模型用于预测各种途径的药物吸收,在细胞水平上提供了大量与吸收相关的信息,是口服药物高通量筛选的良好工具。     

肠道药物转运体及其研究方法

口服药物在肠道中的吸收是决定药物生物利用度的重要因素。肠道中有许多药物膜转运蛋白介导药物的吸收、分布、排泄及药物相互作用等。明确其转运机制有利于提高药物的安全性和有效性,从而指导临床合理用药。通过体内外方法预测药物经转运体在肠道中的转运情况。本文介绍了肠道内转运药物的主要膜转运蛋白,阐述了口服药物经肠道转运机制,概括了研究肠道药物转运体的主要研究方法,并对多种体内外转运体研究方法的优缺点进行了比较。     

走在药物发现前沿的高内涵药物筛选

高内涵药物筛选已经成为药物发现领域的一个重要部分，在生物医药领域里的重要性日益突显，其广泛应用必然会为药物发现带来新的希望与突破。高内涵药物筛选方法具有许多独特的优势，它使得药物筛选更趋生物化。本文介绍了高内涵药物筛选的发展过程，及其当前和潜在的应用领域，探讨了高内涵药物筛选与其他研发技术手段之间的关系，并就其在新药发现中的作用和前景进行了阐述。     

阴离子转运蛋白OAT1和OAT3与药物代谢相互影响的研究进展

阴离子转运蛋白(OAT)OAT1与OAT3同属SLC22A家族,主要在近端肾小管上皮细胞基底侧膜表达,在肝脏、肠和大脑亦有分布.它们介导有机阴离子进入其分布的细胞,进而参与多种药物在肾脏的分泌、重吸收和在体内的分布等.本文从OAT1和OAT3的分子生物学基础、主要功能、介导药物相互作用的机制和毒性的产生,研究其使用的模型、物种间存在的差异以及展望等.     

有机阴离子转运多肽介导的药物相互作用研究进展

药物转运体介导的药物相互作用正日益受到人们的关注和重视,近年来的研究表明药物转运体对药物的吸收、分布和排出有着重要的作用。有机阴离子转运多肽是一类药物摄取转运体,其表达分布广泛,转运的内源性和外源性的底物众多,一些药物因抑制有机阴离子转运体而导致药物相互作用。本文综述了有机阴离子转运多肽家族不同成员的组织分布、结构特点以及其介导的药物相互作用的最新研究进展。     

乳剂的缓释和控释作用研究进展

乳剂药物转运系统的某些独特性质，使其具有淋巴输送和靶向定位及缓释作用。影响乳剂稳定性和药物缓释作用遥因素较多，主要有药物性质，油相性质、相体积比、乳化剂、ＰＨ值、粘度、添加剂、制备工艺等。本文主要叙述了乳剂的缓释和控释作用，释药机制及其影响因素。     

有机阴离子转运肽在药物转运中的作用

溶质运载蛋白家族(solute carrier family,SLC)和ATP结合盒转运蛋白家族(ATP binding cas-sette family,ABC)在药物吸收、消除和组织分布中起重要作用。本综述将对有机阴离子转运肽(or-ganic anion transporting polypeptide,OATP)的最新命名、分类、组织分布、功能及在药物转运中的作用加以介绍。     

生物芯片技术在药物研究与开发中的应用

近年来，以DNA芯片为代表的生物芯片技术，得到了迅猛发展，已有多种不同功用的生物芯片问世。目前生物芯片技术已应用于分子生物学、疾病的预防、诊断和治疗、新药开发、司法鉴定和食品卫生监督等诸多领域，已成为各国学术界和工业界所瞩目并研究的一个热点。生物芯片技术的飞速发展，引起了制药业的极大兴趣，使得生物芯片技术在药物研究与开发领域得到越来越广泛的应用，已逐渐渗入到药物研发过程中的各个步骤。目前，生物芯片技术已经应用于药物靶点发现与药物作用机制研究、超高通量药物筛选、毒理学研究、药物基础组学研究以及药物分析等药物研发环节。可以预见，随着生物芯片技术的不断发展，生物芯片技术将在药物研究与开发领域，尤其是在中药现代化研究中得到更广泛更深入的应用。     

药品供应链安全框架下的国内外药品追溯体系研究

目的：从监管部门的角度,研究比较了典型国家和地区药品追溯体系的建立情况,为完善我国药品追溯体系提供参考意见。方法：选择美国、欧盟以及土耳其这3个具有代表性的药品追溯体系进行分析,对我国的基本情况进行研究对比。结果与结论：随着经济全球化的发展,药品供应链越来越复杂,供应链的安全问题日趋凸显。建议我国引入药品信息档案和唯一识别标识码,鼓励企业建立物流信息管理系统;建立国家药品流通信息数据库,逐步健全以保障患者用药安全为宗旨的药品追溯体系。     

我国药品追溯方案和信息化架构研究

目的：在企业承担药品追溯体系建设主体责任背景下,研究设计我国药品追溯方案和信息化架构。方法：对比分析欧美追溯体系建设做法和对我国的启发,调研我国药品追溯干系方需求,设计我国药品追溯方案和信息化架构。结果与结论：本研究设计的方案可厘清各追溯干系方职责,落实企业主体责任;实现药品追溯闭环,保障药品供应链安全;强化药品信息验证,促进购药安全;设计药品追溯协同平台,实现各追溯业务系统间的信息交换;充分利用追溯数据,提升监管能力和水平。     

放射性核素示踪技术在化学创新药人体物质平衡中的应用

在化学创新药的研发过程中,低能量放射性核素（主要为14C）示踪技术可用于开展人体物质平衡研究,以明确用药后一定时间内药物及其代谢物的主要排泄途径（尿液还是粪便）及排泄回收率（需>90%）。该技术在创新药人体吸收、代谢及排泄研究中仍具有其他技术无法比拟的优势,在日本及欧美制药工业界已被广泛应用多年。本文简述放射性核素示踪的基本原理,回顾2018年以来在美国批准的新分子实体新药中应用该技术的情况,阐述放射性核素示踪技术在人体物质平衡研究中的应用及其在我国创新药研发中的前景。     

Using positron emission tomography to facilitate CNS drug development

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a non-invasive technology of nuclear medicine that has sensitivity for tracing low picomolar concentrations of radiolabeled molecules in the human body. Radiolabeling a new drug to high specific radioactivity facilitates a detailed mapping of its distribution to crucial organs in humans after the administration of a "microdose" (< 1 microg), for which limited toxicology documentation is required. For drugs directed at the CNS, this method is particularly useful for confirming exposure to the brain. A different approach is to develop suitable radioligands for quantitative PET studies of drug binding to target proteins and subsequently to correlate receptor occupancy with pharmacodynamic responses. To follow disease progression and to monitor the outcome of new treatments, PEt also facilitates longitudinal studies of biomarkers of pathophysiology such as amyloid plaque load in Alzheimer's disease. Finally, combining genomic knowledge with PET neuroreceptor imaging is expected to facilitate the search for genetic predictors of drug response.     

基于大数据技术的药品生产流通全环节实时动态智慧监管启示

目的：提高监管的实时性和有效性，杜绝重大药品安全事故的发生，达到提升整个药品行业的质量水平和技术水平的目标。方法：通过分析药品现行监管模式存在的问题与不足，探讨应用大数据、云计算及人工智能等技术手段，建立起在药品生产流通各环节实现数据的实时采集、追溯、研判和监管响应的"互联网+药品生产大数据综合分析预警平台"。结果：针对现行监管模式下可能存在的数据真实性问题及数据获取的滞后性问题，通过对生产流通数据的实时采集和溯源，保证监管数据的真实性和实时性；依托人工智能技术建立起对异常监管数据的高效研判和及时响应机制，实现对药品生产流通的实时动态智慧监管。结论：科学技术高速发展必将推动药品监管技术手段、策略乃至监管模式的巨大变革。积极探索大数据及人工智能等新技术在药品监管领域的应用，对于解决监管领域存在的诸多问题是非常有意义的尝试，同时也为未来监管技术模式提供了重要的参考。     

Low-frequency sonophoresis: application to the transdermal delivery of macromolecules and hydrophilic drugs

Importance of the field: Transdermal delivery of macromolecules provides an attractive alternative route of drug administration when compared to oral delivery and hypodermic injection because of its ability to bypass the harsh gastrointestinal tract and deliver therapeutics non-invasively. However, the barrier properties of the skin only allow small, hydrophobic permeants to traverse the skin passively, greatly limiting the number of molecules that can be delivered via this route. The use of low-frequency ultrasound for the transdermal delivery of drugs, referred to as low-frequency sonophoresis (LFS), has been shown to increase skin permeability to a wide range of therapeutic compounds, including both hydrophilic molecules and macromolecules. Recent research has demonstrated the feasibility of delivering proteins, hormones, vaccines, liposomes and other nanoparticles through LFS-treated skin. In vivo studies have also established that LFS can act as a physical immunization adjuvant. LFS technology is already clinically available for use with topical anesthetics, with other technologies currently under investigation.

Areas covered in this review: This review provides an overview of mechanisms associated with LFS-mediated transdermal delivery, followed by an in-depth discussion of the current applications of LFS technology for the delivery of hydrophilic drugs and macromolecules, including its use in clinical applications.

What the reader will gain: The reader will gain an insight into the field of LFS-mediated transdermal drug delivery, including how the use of this technology can improve on more traditional drug delivery methods.

Take home message: Ultrasound technology has the potential to impact many more transdermal delivery platforms in the future due to its unique ability to enhance skin permeability in a controlled manner.     

Brain targeting by intranasal drug delivery (INDD): a combined effect of trans-neural and para-neuronal pathway

The effectiveness of intranasal drug delivery for brain targeting has emerged as a hope of remedy for various CNS disorders. The nose to brain absorption of therapeutic molecules claims two effective pathways, which include trans-neuronal for immediate action and para-neuronal for delayed action. To evaluate the contribution of both the pathways in absorption of therapeutic molecules and nanocarriers, lidocaine, a nerve-blocking agent, was used to impair the action potential of olfactory nerve. An anti-Parkinson drug ropinirole was covalently complexes with ^99mTc in presence of SnCl₂ using in-house developed reduction technology. The radiolabeled formulations were administered intranasally in lidocaine challenged rabbit and rat. The qualitative and quantitative outcomes of neural and non-neural pathways were estimated using gamma scintigraphy and UHPLC-MS/MS, respectively. The results showed a significant (p?≤?0.005) increase in radioactivity counts and drug concentration in the brain of rabbit and rat compared to the animal groups challenged with lidocaine. This concludes the significant contribution (p?≤?0.005) of trans-neuronal and para-neuronal pathway in nose to brain drug delivery. Therefore, results proved that it is an art of a formulator scientist to make the drug carriers to exploit the choice of absorption pathway for their instant and extent of action.     

Ligand-directed profiling: applications to target drug discovery in cancer

Background: Generation of targeted therapy remains a major challenge in medicine. The development of drugs that can discriminate between tumor cells and non-malignant cells would improve efficacy and reduce general side effects. Phage display allows identification of specific supramolecular complexes that can target therapeutic compounds or imaging agents, both in vitro and in vivo. The use of phage display to identify molecules expressed on the surface of human cancer cells without bias, as well as to provide initial steps toward identification of a ligand/receptor-based map of the human microvasculature, has broad implications for drug discovery in general, especially for cancer therapy. Objective/method: In this review, we discuss the use of phage display technology as a ligand-directed targeting strategy and its applications to drug discovery. Conclusion: Compared to other existing drug discovery platforms, phage display technology has the advantage to provide valuable clues pointing to target proteins in an unbiased biological context. The result from various display library screenings indicates that in many cases the selected peptide motifs mimic biological ligands. Analysis of peptide motifs targeting a receptor provides a basis for rational drug design of targeted peptidomimetics.     

Autoradiography: high-resolution molecular imaging in pharmaceutical discovery and development

Autoradiography (ARG) is a powerful, high resolution, quantitative molecular imaging technique used to study the tissue distribution of radiolabeled xenobiotics in biologic models. ARG involves the close apposition of solid specimens containing a radiolabeled substance to a detector layer, such as photographic emulsions, film, phosphor imaging plates and direct nuclear imagers/counters. The two basic types include: macroautoradiography, which is imaging of organs, organ systems and/or whole-body sections (WBA) and microautoradiography (MARG), which provides the localization of radioactivity at the cellular level. ARG has supported drug discovery and development efforts for many years and has provided pivotal decision making information for pharmaceutical research. This paper presents a review of the techniques, study designs and present considerations for use of WBA and MARG to support today’s drug discovery and development efforts. In addition, this review comments on the integration of the ex vivo ARG and in vivo molecular imaging techniques to serve pharmaceutical discovery and development in the future.