丝裂霉素C磁性纳米粒Ⅱ.大鼠体内的药动学和靶向性

评价了丝裂霉素C磁性纳米粒（1-MNP）在大鼠体内的约动学和靶向性。采用HPLC法测定大鼠肝、肾和血浆中的约物浓度。采用约物的靶向效率（DTE）、相对靶向效率（RTE）、靶向性指数（DTI）和相对靶向指数（RTI）评价了磁场作用下1-MNP在大鼠体内的靶向性。结果表明，1-MNP在磁场作用下能改变大鼠体内的药物分布，并显著增大靶器官中的药物浓度。     

齐墩果酸/PLGA-TPGS纳米粒在小鼠体内的分布及肝靶向性研究

目的:研究齐墩果酸(OA)/乳酸羟基乙酸共聚物-水溶性维生素E(PLGA-TPGS)纳米粒(OPTN)在小鼠体内的分布及肝靶向性。方法:取小鼠随机分为12组,每组10只,前6组为OPTN组,后6组为OA溶液剂(OS)组,剂量均为20μg.g-1(以OA计)。采用高效液相色谱法测定480min内各组小鼠血清、肝、心、脾、肺、肾中的OA浓度,采用靶向指数(TI)、选择性指数(SI)、相对靶向效率(Re)和靶向效率(Te)全面评价OPTN对肝的靶向性。结果:OPTN组在小鼠血清、肝、心、脾、肺、肾中AUC0～480min值分别为(2820.83±1.57)、(5897.98±1.34)、(601.03±1.83)、(1189.50±1.46)、(1363.78±1.58)、(670.30±1.79)μg.min·mL-1,且肝脏的Te值均>2;OS组各组织的AUC0～480min值均1;与其他组织比较,肝脏Re值最大。结论:OPTN能提高药物在肝中的分布,具有肝主动靶向性,可提高药物疗效。     

脂蟾毒配基PLGA-TPGS纳米粒在小鼠体内肝的靶向性

目的：研究脂蟾毒配基（Resibufogenin,RBG）/香豆素-6（Coumarin-6,C6）乙交酯丙交酯共聚物-维生素E聚乙二醇1000琥珀酸酯（PLGA-TPGS）纳米粒（RBG/C6-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles,RCPTN）在小鼠体内的分布及对小鼠肝脏的靶向性。方法：建立RP-HPLC法测定RBG在小鼠血浆及肝、心、脾、肺和肾等生物样品中的浓度,将RCPTN和RBG溶液（RS）经小鼠尾静脉注射后,测定不同给药时间后小鼠血浆及各脏器中的RBG浓度。采用靶向指数（TI）、选择性指数（SI）、相对靶向效率（Re）和靶向效率（Te）4个指标,同时通过对各器官进行冰冻切片,荧光倒置显微镜下观察荧光纳米粒RCPTN在各器官的分布,定性、定量的全面评价RCPTN对肝脏的靶向性。结果：除SI_血浆在0.08,0.5 h时,TI和SI的数值均大于1,表明RCPTN在各时间点对肝脏的靶向作用良好;在血浆、肝、心、脾、肺、肾中的Re分别为2.1、40.1、1.1、16.4、11.7、1.4,即在整个考察时间范围内,RCPTN在肝脏中的药时曲线下面积（AUC）是RS的40.1倍,表明载药纳米粒能将药物更好的传递至肝脏;RCPTN在血浆、心、脾、肺、肾中的Te均大于3,表明RBG在肝脏比血浆和其他脏器匀浆中的AUC高达3倍以上,且在心脏中的Te（28.1）是RS在心脏中Te（0.8）的35.1倍,表明RCPTN具有良好的肝脏靶向作用,且可显著降低RBG在心脏中的分布。冰冻切片图可见在1 h的RCPTN组小鼠各器官中,肝中荧光分布面积最大,其次是脾和肺,最后是肾和心。表明RCPTN静脉注射后对肝脏有良好的靶向性,这与用TI、SI、Re和Te 4个靶向指标评价RCPTN对肝脏的靶向性结果是一致的。结论：RCPTN对小鼠肝脏有良好的靶向作用,在心脏分布较少。     

去甲斑蝥素壳聚糖纳米粒在小鼠体内分布及肝靶向作用

目的:研究去甲斑蝥素壳聚糖纳米粒(NCD-NP)在小鼠体内的分布及肝靶向性.方法:利用离子交联法制备去甲斑蝥素壳聚糖纳米粒后,经小鼠尾静脉给药,采用HPLC法检测去甲斑蝥素在小鼠血浆、心、肝、脾、肺、肾中的浓度随时间的变化,与去甲斑蝥素溶液(NCD-SOL)组进行比较.并以靶向指数TI=(AUC)NCD-NP/(AUC)NCD-SOL来判断NCD-NP对主要器官的靶向性.结果:NCD-NP组在肝脏中组织浓度明显高于NCD-SOL组,肝、脾的靶向指数大于1,而在其他器官靶向指数小于1.结论:去甲斑蝥素纳米粒可通过网状内皮系统吞噬作用实现肝脏被动靶向,能够提高药物疗效,降低全身毒副作用.     

米托蒽醌聚乳酸缓释毫微粒冻干针剂在动物体内的靶向性研究

目的：比较肝靶向米托蒽醌聚乳酸缓释毫微粒（ＤＨＡＱ－ＰＬＡ－ＮＰ）冻干针剂和ＤＨＡＱ水针剂在小鼠体内的分布规律,验证前者的肝靶向性。方法：采用ＨＰＬＣ法测定静注ＤＨＡＱ－ＰＬＡ－ＮＰ和ＤＨＡＱ水针剂后小鼠血液、心、肝、脾、肺、肾的药物浓度,由此计算各器官的相对百分含量。结果：ＤＨＡＱ－ＰＬＡ－ＮＰ冻干针剂在肝脏的分布明显高于ＤＨＡＱ水针剂,在其它器官中的含量则低于水针剂,给药２４小时后药物在肝中的     

枸杞糖肽对荷瘤小鼠放疗的增效作用研究

目的探讨枸杞糖肽对荷瘤小鼠放疗的增效作用。方法将40只小鼠随机分为模型组、放疗组、放疗＋高剂量药物组和放疗＋低剂量药物组，每组10只。放疗＋高剂量药物组和放疗＋低剂量药物组均给予枸杞糖肽溶液灌胃，剂量分别为4，8 mg·kg^-1·d^-1；模型组和放疗组均给予等量0.9%氯化钠注射液灌胃。连续4 d。均于第4天接种肿瘤细胞。除对照组外其余各组小鼠均于第7，10天分别给予60Co射线照射，每次8 Gy，于第15天将小鼠脱颈处死。观察各组小鼠的瘤重、淋巴细胞转化程度（以刺激指数SI表示）和自然杀伤（NK）细胞活性。结果 放疗后各组小鼠瘤重均下降，两给药组下降更明显；放疗组小鼠刺激指数（SI）下降明显。两给药组SI值下降不明显，且均显著高于放疗组（均P＜0.01）；与两给药组比较，放疗组小鼠NK细胞活性明显下降（均P＜0.05）。结论枸杞糖肽能明显增强放疗的抗肿瘤效果，并且可明显抑制放疗引起的免疫力下降。枸杞糖肽是一种良好的放疗增效药。     

毛兰素固体脂质纳米粒药动学与组织分布学研究

目的：研究毛兰素固体脂质纳米粒（erianin solid lipid nanoparticles,ER-SLN）在大鼠中的药动学行为以及在小鼠体内的组织分布。方法：制备ER-SLN,大鼠静脉注射毛兰素混悬液（free ER）及ER-SLN,小鼠静脉注射free ER及ER-SLN,HPLC法测定各组织（血浆、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑）中的毛兰素含量,对测得的数据应用统计学软件进行统计分析。结果：静脉注射后ER-SLN在大鼠体内的AUC_0-t、MRT_0-t、t_1/2分别是free ER组的2.14,1.85,1.46倍;组织分布学考察表明ER-SLN在肝脏中的相对摄取率（Re）最高（1.37）,同时ER-SLN在各组织中的靶向效率（Te）均大于1,对肝脏的选择性明显强于free ER。结论：毛兰素制备成纳米粒后能明显延长药物在大鼠体内的平均驻留时间（MRT）,增大AUC和C_max值,提高生物利用度,同时在小鼠肝脏中能有效富集,减慢在肝脏中的清除速率,具有较明显的肝被动靶向性。     

栀子提取物类脂质体在大鼠体内的分布及靶向性研究

目的:研究栀子提取物类脂质体在大鼠体内的药物分布特点及靶向性。方法:采用改良薄膜分散法制备栀子提取物类脂质体。将30只大鼠按体质量随机均分为空白组、栀子提取物(57 mg/kg)组和栀子提取物类脂质体(131 mg/kg)组,ig相应药物,空白组ig等体积蒸馏水,每天1次,连续7 d。末次给药1 h后,取大鼠心、肝、脾、肺、肾组织,采用高效液相色谱法检测其中栀子提取物有效成分栀子苷的含量,通过药物靶向指数(DTI)定量评价栀子提取物类脂质体的体内靶向性。结果:与栀子提取物组比较,栀子提取物类脂质体组大鼠心、脾、脑组织中栀子苷含量明显增加(P<0.01),DTI分别为1.718、1.972、13.071;肝、肾组织中栀子苷含量明显降低(P<0.01),DTI分别为0.431、0.467。结论:栀子提取物类脂质体改变了栀子苷在大鼠体内的组织分布,可靶向作用于脑组织,减少了肝的首关效应。     

大黄素固体脂质纳米粒在小鼠体内的组织分布研究

目的:研究大黄素(EMO)固体脂质纳米粒(SLN)在小鼠体内的组织分布情况和肝靶向性。方法:72只小鼠分为2组,分别尾ivEMO-SLN混悬液和EMO溶液,在给药0.083、0.250、0.500、1.000、2.000、6.000h时分别取样,以高效液相色谱法测定不同时间点血浆、心、肝、脾、肺、肾中EMO的浓度,计算EMO-SLN对EMO的药物总靶向效率摄取率(re)、总靶向性(Te)。结果:肝中所得r和Te值均为最高。结论:EMO-SLN具有较高的肝靶向性,且强于EMO。     

甘草酸表面修饰阿霉素壳聚糖纳米粒在小鼠体内的组织分布

目的：研究甘草酸表面修饰阿霉素壳聚糖纳米粒（GL-ADM-NPs）在小鼠体内的分布。方法：GL-ADM-NPs经小鼠尾静脉给药,采用液质联用（LC/MS/MS）法检测阿霉素在小鼠血浆、心、肝、脾、肺、肾中的浓度随时间的变化,并与游离阿霉素溶液（F-ADM）组和阿霉素壳聚糖纳米粒（ADM-NPs）组进行比较。以相对摄取率（Re）和峰浓度比（Ce）为指标评价其靶向性。结果：与F-ADM相比,ADM-NPs明显提高药物在肝脏中的浓度（Re和Ce分别为3.54和2.2） 经甘草酸修饰后GL-ADM-NPs对肝脏的靶向作用更强,Re和Ce分别达到5.83和3.42,在心和肾中药物分布显著降低,AUC分别为F-ADM的43.06%和62.58%。结论：GL-ADM-NPs改变了药物ADM的体内分布特征,具有明显的肝靶向性,并能显著降低心和肾毒性,有望成为肝癌治疗药物ADM的理想输送载体。     

Heat-Induced Drug Release Rate and Maximal Targeting Index of Thermosensitive Liposome in Tumor-Bearing Mice

To evaluate the rate of drug release at the tumor and maximal drug targeting after administration of thermosensitive liposomes with hy-perthermia, a theoretical and experimental method was derived assessing the fraction of drug released from liposomes in a single pass through the heated tumor, F, and the drug targeting index when drug release occurs completely in response to heat (F = 1), DTI_max. The F and DTImax were evaluated for four types of liposomes (LUV-1 and LUV-2, thermosensitive large unilamellar liposomes; LUV-3, a nonthermosensitive large unilamellar liposome; and SUV-1, a thermosensitive small unilamellar liposome) using reported data on blood liposome levels and tumor drug levels after the liposomes were administered to tumor bearing mice. DTI_max values for LUV-1 and SUV-1 were approximately 6, while the value for LUV-2 with a relatively large systemic clearance was only 2.3. The F values for LUV-1, LUV-2, and SUV-1 with hyperthermia were 0.71, 1.17, and 0.34, respectively, whereas the values for these liposomes without hyperthermia and for LUV-3 with or without hyperthermia were nearly zero. These results confirm earlier findings that LUV-1 and LUV-2 release CDDP almost completely at the heated tumor and that the large DTI value obtained in LUV-1 (DTI = 4.6) was due to its high heat sensitivity and its small systemic clearance.     

Organ distribution of 5-fluorouracil loaded gelatine microspheres in mice

The aim of this study was to investigate the organ distribution characteristics of 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) loaded crosslinked gelatine microspheres (5-Fu-MS) after intravenous (i.v.) injection compared to 5-Fu solution in mice, and to evaluate the targetability of 5-Fu-MS. The concentrations of 5-Fu in mice plasma, heart, liver, lung, kidney, spleen and brain were determined by HPLC. The parameters drug targeting index C(e), time-averaged relative drug exposure values r(e), drug targeting efficiency t(e), and drug distributed to target-tissue (%) were used to evaluate the targetability of the 5-Fu-MS delivery system. The results showed that the concentration of 5-Fu in the lung was significantly higher than after application of 5-Fu solution, and that the maximum concentration of 5-Fu, 72.8 microg x g organ(-1), was reached in the lung at 15 min after i.v. administration. As for 5-Fu-MS, r(e) was calculated to be 2.2, and t(e) was considerably higher than after application of 5-Fu in solution. Furthermore, the percentage of drug distributed to the lung was 2 times as high as after application in solution. Accordingly, 5-Fu-MS were capable of effectively delivering 5-Fu to the lung and possessed specific targetability towards the lung compared to 5-Fu solution.     

甘草次酸修饰大黄素纳米结构脂质载体制备及药动学和肝靶向评价

目的:制备甘草次酸修饰大黄素纳米结构脂质载体,并考察其在大鼠体内的药动学过程和肝靶向.方法:采用乳化-超声分散法制备甘草次酸修饰的大黄素纳米结构脂质载体(甘草次酸-大黄素-NLC).UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS法测定大鼠血浆及各组织中大黄素浓度,DAS 2.0软件计算药动学参数,以总靶向效率、相对摄取率来评...     

吡喹酮长循环固体脂质纳米粒的制备及体内外质量评价

采用乳化-超声分散法制备了吡喹酮固体脂质纳米粒(1-SLN),并以二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇2000为材料同法制备了长循环固体脂质纳米粒(1-LCN).考察了1-SLN和1-LCN粒径、包封率、固有水化层厚度和体外24 h累积释放率,结果分别为(95.57±1.27)和(77.79±1.01)nm、(72.7±2.7)％和(68.2±3.5)％、(1.56±0.32)和(7.03±0.39) nm,以及(77.7±3.5)％和(87.4±4.2)％.两者的体外巨噬细胞吞噬率分别为(10.21±2.85)％、(1.62+0.41)％.经家兔耳缘静脉注射后,1 -LCN较1-SLN和1溶液的半衰期和AUC显著增加,提示其具有长循环效果.     

Application of a linear recirculation model to drug targeting

Current interest in drug targeting has inspired theoretical considerations of its potential and problems. Previously, drug targeting has been considered in terms of more or less elaborate compartmental models. The present paper shows how an equivalent analysis of the potential advantage of drug targeting may be derived with the minimum reliance on a specific model. A linear recirculation model is used to describe the drug concentration profile at some target site and in the rest of the body. Equations for the AUCs of drug and of a drug-carrier conjugate can then be derived. These AUCs are used to define a drug targeting index (DTI), a measure of drug targeting selectivity previously derived from a specific model. It is shown that the DTI can be defined solely in terms of extraction ratios for elimination of free drug, when release of drug is confined to the target site. The expression for DTI is shown to be equivalent to that previously derived from several more model-dependent approaches.     

Evaluation of brain targeting in rats of Salvianolic acid B nasal delivery by the microdialysis technique

The purpose of this study was to investigate the biodistribution of Salvianolic acid B in rats blood and brain after intranasal administration and explore its feasibility and evaluate its brain targeting effect. The concentration of Salvianolic acid B in blood and brain following nasal administration (32?mg?kg^?1) was measured combining with microdialysis sampling and liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer/MS detection technology. After the microdialysis samples were corrected with in vivo recoveries, the pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by using non-compartment model and the brain targeting evaluated by the value of drug targeting index (DTI). The C_max in blood and brain by intravenous injection were higher than intranasal administration, but the intranasal administration of MRT_0-∞ significantly prolonged and increased by nearly 2.03 and 1.86 times, respectively. The DTI value of Salvianolic acid B was 5.54 and bioavailability (F) was 43.98%. After nasal administration of Salvianolic acid B, it has a certain brain targeting, which could become a new drug system for the treatment of brain diseases.     

紫杉醇长循环固态脂质纳米粒的制备和体内外研究

目的以硬脂酸为载体材料制备紫杉醇的长循环脂质纳米粒,并考察其体内外性质。方法用“乳化蒸发-低温固化”法制备Brij78固态脂质纳米粒(Brij78-SLN)和Poluromic F₆₈固态脂质纳米粒(F₆₈-SLN);用透射电镜考察了紫杉醇纳米粒的形态;建立了脂质纳米粒和血清中测定紫杉醇的HPLC方法;考察了纳米粒于30％乙醇溶液中的体外药物释放;以市售紫杉醇注射剂对照,测定了两种纳米粒于小鼠体内的药物动力学参数。结果脂质纳米粒基本呈圆球状或椭圆球状,大小比较均匀。激光散射法测定Brij78-SLN粒径为(104±29) nm。F₆₈-SLN粒径为(220±98) nm。Brij78-SLN和F₆₈-SLN包封率分别为47%和75%。两种纳米粒都缓慢地释放药物,24 h后分别释放药物总量的8%和20%。两种纳米粒都可以延长紫杉醇的体内滞留时间,Brij78-SLN,F₆₈-SLN和紫杉醇注射剂的消除半衰期分别为4.88,10.06和1.36 h。结论硬脂酸纳米粒可能成为一种新型的药物载体。     

9-硝基喜树碱纳米脂质载体系统的释放、细胞摄取及组织分布特性

目的研究9-硝基喜树碱纳米脂质载体系统的体外释放、巨噬细胞摄取及体内组织分布特性。方法以BLB/C小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞为细胞模型进行9-硝基喜树碱纳米脂质载体系统的体外细胞吞噬实验；以一级昆明种小鼠为动物模型进行体内组织分布实验；并进行多晶X-射线衍射及体外释放实验的测定。结果9-硝基喜树碱可能以无定形物分散在纳米脂质载体中，液态脂质的加入并没有改变纳米粒固态内核的性质；体外释放实验表明纳米脂质载体系统具有一定的缓释特性；PEG的修饰使巨噬细胞对纳米粒的摄取减少，且能够增强纳米粒抵抗蛋白吸附的能力；纳米脂质载体系统能够延长9-硝基喜树碱在血中的滞留时间，并改变其在小鼠体内的分布特征。结论由Myrj59制备的纳米脂质载体系统具有缓释特性，且具有良好的长循环性及肝、肺靶向性。