离子色谱法检测婴幼儿配方奶粉中低聚半乳糖含量

建立以电化学脉冲安培-离子色谱法检测婴幼儿配方奶粉中低聚半乳糖含量(galactooligosaccharides,GOS)的方法。首先采用离子色谱法检测经β-半乳糖苷酶酶解的原料糖浆试样中GOS含量,再以测得GOS含量的同批次原料糖浆作为对照品,检测婴幼儿配方奶粉中低聚半乳糖含量。对仪器色谱条件及前处理方法进行比较优化。结果发现,该方法线性关系良好,相关系数0.999 7,RSD为3.5%,加标回收率87.7%～92.4%。     

高效液相色谱法测定低聚半乳糖的含量

研究了高效液相色谱法测定乳制品及糖浆中低聚半乳糖含量的方法。以水和乙腈为流动相,用氨基柱将葡萄糖,半乳糖和乳糖与其他物质分离,用示差折光检测器检测,定量。通过计算低聚半乳糖酶解成的半乳糖含量,来对低聚半乳糖定量。葡萄糖,半乳糖,乳糖和低聚半乳糖的相对标准偏差分别为2.72%、4.16%、1.16%、4.26%。此法的线性相关系数为0.9990～0.9995,回收率达到95%～110%。此法能快速准确的测定低聚半乳糖的含量。     

荧光标记-酶识别-高效液相色谱法测定婴儿配方乳粉中反式低聚半乳糖

目的 建立荧光标记-酶识别-液相色谱法的婴儿配方乳粉中反式低聚半乳糖(trans- galactooligosaccharides, TGOS)的测定方法。方法 利用还原氨化反应将奶粉中的TGOS进行荧光标记, 利用β-半乳糖苷酶专一性水解TGOS的特性识别样品中的荧光标记TGOS, 采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器进行分离检测, 通过分析β半乳糖苷酶处理与非酶解处理组样品色谱图中各相同聚合度TGOS保留时间区间的峰面积差异, 计算TGOS含量, 并用液相质谱联用法进行了验证。结果 在本研究色谱条件下, 乳糖和另外3种低聚半乳二糖实现了分离, 通过质谱验证表明, 低聚麦芽糖(DP2~DP6)与各聚合度TGOS呈现规律性出峰顺序。昆布三糖和实验中各聚合度TGOS的摩尔灵敏度无显著差异(P>0.05)。在0.032~0.321 μmol添加范围内, 荧光标记昆布三糖摩尔量和色谱峰面积呈现出良好的线性关系(r=0.9992)。以已知含量的TGOS糖浆做加标实验, 回收率为90.0%~99.1%, 满足实验要求。结论 该方法能实现高乳糖含量样品中乳糖和TGOS的色谱分离, 适用于高乳糖含量样品中TGOS的定性定量检测。     

半制备高效液相色谱-离子色谱法检测婴幼儿配方食品中低聚半乳糖的含量

优化并建立了半制备高效液相色谱法分离和收集、离子色谱法测定婴幼儿配方食品中低聚半乳糖的方法。本实验以乳粉、特殊医学配方奶粉和液态奶为实验对象,利用半制备高效液相色谱法分别收集婴幼儿配方食品中的二糖和三糖及聚合度(Degree of polymerization,DP)3以上的糖,再利用β-半乳糖苷酶水解收集到的聚合度3及3以上的糖组分,利用离子色谱法测定酶解后的半乳糖和葡萄糖的含量,通过计算得到样品中低聚半乳糖的含量。半制备高效液相色谱馏分固定相为Ag+色谱柱(200 mm×10 mm),流动相为100%超纯水,流速0.3 mL/min,进样量100 μL,柱温80℃;离子色谱条件固定相为Carbo Pac PA-1色谱柱(250 mm×4 mm),流动相为0.5 mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液、0.5 mol/L的乙酸钠和超纯水梯度洗脱,柱温30℃,进样量25 μL。测定的异乳糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、1,6-β-D-半乳二糖和1,3(4)-β-D-半乳二糖线性范围在1.0～30.0 μg/mL,相关系数在0.9985～0.9999,回收率在82.80%～87.67%,相对标准偏差(Relative standard deviation,RSD)≤5%。该方法结果准确,能够满足检测要求,前处理操作简单,便于大批量样品的检测。     

高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射法测定乳粉中的低聚果糖和低聚半乳糖

目的建立一种检测乳粉中蔗果三糖、蔗果四糖、蔗果五塘、低聚半乳糖的高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射法(high performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detector,HPLC-ELSD)。方法以水和乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱,利用糖柱分离,蒸发光散射检测器检测。考察了沉淀剂、酶解pH、温度和时间的影响。结果经过优化,得到以乙腈为沉淀剂,酶解pH为6.0、酶解温度为25℃、酶解时间为50min的最佳实验条件。该方法的线性范围均为0.05~2.0 mg/m L,半乳糖、乳糖、蔗果三糖、蔗果四糖、蔗果五糖检出限分别为0.02、0.02、0.01、0.02、0.02 mg/m L(S/N=3),回收率为92.52%~106.00%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)低于5.12%(n=6)。结论该方法能准确可靠地检测乳粉中低聚果糖和低聚半乳糖的含量。     

牛乳中原生低聚半乳糖的酶法合成及响应面优化

主要探讨了利用牛乳中的乳糖直接合成原生低聚半乳糖的可行性,同时低聚半乳糖(GOS)的合成量还能支持到膳食纤维(以低聚半乳糖计≥1.5%)宣称的工艺和配方。进一步,在探索酶法合成低聚半乳糖的过程中,主要通过单因素试验设计和响应面试验设计讨论了β-半乳糖苷酶添加量、牛乳中初始乳糖含量和反应时间对低聚半乳糖的合成量的影响。结果表明,在β-半乳糖苷酶添加量0.09%±0.01%、牛乳中初始乳糖含量6.0%±0.2%、反应时间4.5±0.5 h的条件下, GOS合成量达到2.07%±0.15%。试验结果可有效运用于新型乳品开发。     

响应面法优化β-半乳糖苷酶法制备低聚半乳糖工艺

本文以乳糖为起始原料,在单因素实验的基础上,结合响应面分析法考察加酶量、反应温度、反应时间、反应pH等因素对低聚半乳糖总产率和低聚半乳四糖产率的影响,优化β-半乳糖苷酶法制备低聚半乳糖工艺。结果表明,β-半乳糖苷酶法制备低聚半乳糖的最佳工艺参数为起始乳糖浓度300 g/L、加酶量8.25 U/g乳糖、反应温度49 ℃、反应时间16 h、反应pH5.6。在此条件下,低聚半乳糖总产率为14.61%,低聚半乳四糖产率为3.31%。该方法针对性提高高聚合度低聚半乳糖的产率,可为低聚半乳糖的功能性应用及特医食品的研发提供参考。     

柱前衍生液相色谱荧光检测法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中的低聚半乳糖

目的建立一种柱前衍生高效液相色谱荧光检测法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中的低聚半乳糖含量的分析方法。方法样品用2-氨基苯甲酰胺衍生后,经色谱柱分离,用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器检测,外标峰加和分段法定量。结果建立的方法可以测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中的低聚半乳糖含量。采用麦芽糖、麦芽三糖、麦芽四糖、麦芽五糖、麦芽六糖和麦芽七糖建立标准曲线,在1～250μg/mL线性范围内相关系数(r~2)大于0.999。回收率为85.9%～103.5%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)小于5%,检出限为1.0 g/kg,定量限为3.0 g/kg。结论本方法方法重现性好,精密度高,解决了婴幼儿配方乳粉中高含量乳糖对低聚半乳糖测定的干扰问题,可以为食品中低聚半乳糖的定量提供良好的解决方案。     

柱前衍生-高效液相色谱荧光法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中低聚半乳糖含量

建立了柱前衍生测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中低聚半乳糖的高效液相色谱法。样品经乙酸调节pH到4.5,使用淀粉葡萄糖苷酶和β-半乳糖苷酶酶解、2-氨基苯甲酰胺衍生。经色谱柱分离,荧光检测器检测。通过响应曲面设计优化衍生关键因素水平：衍生剂浓度、衍生温度与衍生时间。定量化合物3"-半乳糖基乳糖在10.0~100 mg/L范围内线性良好(R²为0.9993)。在低聚半乳糖添加水平为2.5、10.0、40.0 g/kg时,回收率在92.5~102.7%之间,RSD(n=6)在3.69~6.69%之间,方法检测限为0.8 g/kg,定量限为2.5 g/kg。本方法操作简单、回收率高和重现性好,可使用3"-半乳糖基乳糖对婴幼儿配方乳粉中的低聚半乳糖进行定量分析。     

液相色谱双柱法和高效离子交换色谱法测定低聚半乳糖含量比较

目的:优化对比液相色谱双柱法和高效离子交换色谱法两种测定低聚半乳糖含量的方法,同时建立一种新的低聚半乳糖换算系数(K值)计算方法;方法:对现有上述两种测定低聚半乳糖含量的检测方法进行对比分析,筛选出分离效果更好的糖柱,并进一步优化色谱条件。结果:优化后的液相色谱双柱法对低聚半乳五糖到低聚半乳八糖的分离效果明显提升,提高了测定准确度,而高效离子交换色谱法操作更加简便;根据不同样品选用不同K值来计算低聚半乳糖含量的方式可进一步提升结果的精确性。结论:两种方法均可有效对低聚半乳糖含量进行检验分析,高效离子交换色谱法检测灵敏度较高,且已被AOAC等国际权威机构纳入标准检测方法,可作为低聚半乳糖含量测定的标准仲裁法;液相色谱双柱法测定低聚半乳糖更为简便快捷,经济适用,可用于生产企业日常产品检测。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.