金银花叶多酚氧化酶的酶学特性

对金银花叶多酚氧化酶(PPO)的酶学特性进行研究。以新鲜金银花叶片为原料,采用溶剂法从中提取多酚氧化酶粗液,研究不同的温度、pH值、底物浓度、抑制剂等因素对PPO活性的影响,建立酶促褐变动力学方程。研究结果表明,金银花叶PPO的最适温度45℃,最适pH6.5,安全、经济的褐变抑制剂柠檬酸;当以邻苯二酚为底物时,金银花叶PPO活性与底物浓度关系符合米氏方程的酶促反应动力学规律,最大反应速度Vmax=313U/min,Km=0.0197mol/L。     

“黑美人”马铃薯多酚氧化酶的特性研究

以邻苯二酚为底物,在413nm处测定黑美人马铃薯多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性,研究了温度、pH、底物浓度对其活性的影响,并建立了酶促褐变反应动力学方程,探讨了L-半胱氨酸、抗坏血酸、柠檬酸、EDTA及亚硫酸氢钠五种抑制剂对酶促褐变的抑制效果。结果表明:黑美人马铃薯多酚氧化酶最适反应pH为6.3;最适反应温度为35℃;酶促褐变反应动力学符合米氏方程描述的单底物酶促反应动力学,以邻苯二酚为底物,Km=0.0011mol/L,Vmax=142.23U/min.g;动力学方程为V=142.23[S]/(0.0011+[S]);五种抑制剂均对PPO酶促褐变具有抑制作用,其强弱依次为亚硫酸氢钠>L-半胱氨酸>抗坏血酸>EDTA>柠檬酸。     

槟榔芋多酚氧化酶的酶学特性研究

以邻苯二酚为底物,采用分光光度法研究p H、温度、底物浓度对槟榔芋多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的影响,建立相应的酶促褐变反应动力学方程,并探讨抗坏血酸、L-半胱氨酸、甘氨酸、尿素、Cu Cl2对PPO活性的影响。研究结果表明,槟榔芋PPO的最适p H为6.5;最适温度为35℃;在20℃和30℃时在60 min之内槟榔芋PPO保持较稳定的活性,30℃~60℃处理破坏PPO部分活性,70℃加热10 min PPO活性接近零;在最适作用条件下,槟榔芋PPO的酶促褐变反应动力学符合米氏方程,且相应动力学参数为Km=54.05 mmol·L-1,Vmax=588.24 U·min-1。抗坏血酸、L-半胱氨酸可抑制槟榔芋PPO活性,当它们浓度分别为2.5 mmol/L和6 mmol/L时,可有效抑制槟榔芋PPO活性,而甘氨酸对槟榔芋PPO活性无抑制作用;尿素、Cu Cl2可增强槟榔芋PPO活性,当它们浓度分别为150 mmol/L和1 mmol/L时,可明显提高槟榔芋PPO活性。     

茄子多酚氧化酶特性及控制研究

茄子多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)是引起酶促褐变,导致果实褐变的主要原因.采用匀浆法从茄子中提取多酚氧化酶粗液,以邻苯二酚为底物,在λ420nm处研究温度、pH值、底物浓度对茄子果实中PPO活性的影响,建立相应的酶促褐变反应动力学方程.探讨L-半胱氨酸、抗坏血酸、亚硫酸氢钠、柠檬酸4种抑制剂对茄子酶促褐变的抑制效果.结果表明,茄子多酚氧化酶的最适温度为30℃,最适pH值为6.0及8.5(可能存在同工酶),酶促褐变反应动力学符合米氏方程所描述的单底物酶促反应动力学,相应的动力学参数Km=0.0215 U/(min·g),Vmax=0.539U/(min·g),相应的动力学方程为v=0.539[S]/(0.0215+[S]);供试4种抑制剂防止果实褐变的效果由强到弱依次是:抗坏血酸、亚硫酸氢钠、L-半胱氨酸、柠檬酸.另外,茄子PPO对高温较为敏感,在100℃时加热105 s可钝化酶活性.     

白萝卜多酚氧化酶的酶学特性研究

白萝卜作为我国第二大蔬菜。其贮运和加工过程中的褐变多以酶促褐变为主,全面系统地了解白萝卜多酚氧化酶(PPO)的酶学特性,并研究其抑制手段,对提升白萝卜及其制品的品质和商品价值有着重要的意义。本文以新鲜白萝卜为原材料,采用丙酮洗涤、0.2 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲溶液匀浆法从中提取PPO,考察了pH、温度对酶活的影响,分析了其温度稳定性、底物浓度对PPO活性的影响,探讨了过程的反应动力学,并对多种酶抑制剂对PPO活性的影响进行了比较,为控制加工过程中白萝卜的酶促褐变提供了理论依据。试验结果表明:以邻苯二酚为底物,该酶的最适pH值为6.0,最适反应温度为40℃,Km和Vmax值分别为53.8 mmol/L和588 U/min。90℃热处理2.5 min或85℃热处理3.5 min可基本完全钝化其活性,Vc、异Vc和L-cys对PPO酶活的抑制较为明显。     

白萝卜多酚氧化酶的酶学特性研究

白萝卜作为我国第二大蔬菜。其贮运和加工过程中的褐变多以酶促褐变为主,全面系统地了解白萝卜多酚氧化酶（PPO）的酶学特性,并研究其抑制手段,对提升白萝卜及其制品的品质和商品价值有着重要的意义。本文以新鲜白萝卜为原材料,采用丙酮洗涤、0.2 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲溶液匀浆法从中提取PPO,考察了pH、温度对酶活的影响,分析了其温度稳定性、底物浓度对PPO活性的影响,探讨了过程的反应动力学,并对多种酶抑制剂对PPO活性的影响进行了比较,为控制加工过程中白萝卜的酶促褐变提供了理论依据。试验结果表明：以邻苯二酚为底物,该酶的最适pH 值为6.0,最适反应温度为40 ℃,Km和Vmax值分别为53.8 mmol/L和588 U/min。90 ℃热处理2.5 min或85 ℃热处理3.5 min可基本完全钝化其活性,Vc、异Vc和L-cys对PPO酶活的抑制较为明显。     

芋头多酚氧化酶的酶学性质研究

以邻苯二酚为底物,采用分光光度法研究了芋头多酚氧化酶(PPO)的酶学特性。结果表明:芋头PPO的最适温度pH为7.5,最适温度为40℃;90℃高温处理2 min,可使酶完全失活;PPO催化的酶促褐变反应符合米氏动力学方程,相应动力学参数Km=0.0221mol/L,Vmax=46.08 U/min;4种抑制剂对PPO活性均有不同程度的抑制作用,抑制效果由强到弱顺序为:抗坏血酸>亚硫酸氢钠>L-半胱氨酸>柠檬酸;金属离子Sn2+对PPO活性具有较强的抑制作用,A13+、Cu2+、Mg2+、Ca2+和Co2+对PPO活性有一定的抑制作用,Zn2+对PPO活性具有激活作用,Fe3+、Fe2+和Mn2+对PPO活性几乎没有影响。     

冬瓜多酚氧化酶的特性及抑制剂研究

以邻苯二酚为底物,采用'分光光度法在420 nm 处测定冬瓜多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性,研究了不同温度和 pH 值对其活性的影响,并建立了酶促褐变反应动力学方程,探讨了抗坏血酸、亚硫酸氢钠、柠檬酸和 EDTA-2Na 4 种抑制剂对冬瓜酶促褐变的抑制效果.结果表明,冬瓜多酚氧化酶的最适温度为20℃,最适pH值为6.0;冬瓜多酚氧化酶的米氏方程符合单底物酶促反应动力学,相应的动力学参数为 Kin=0.0118 mol/L,Vm=0.0586 U/min;化学抑制剂抗坏血酸、亚硫酸氢钠、柠檬酸和EDTA-2Na 对多酚氧化酶都有抑制作用,其活性分别为对照的25%、32%、62%和57%.     

雪梨多酚氧化酶酶学特性及其果汁褐变控制技术研究

雪梨在加工过程中极易发生酶褐变,为抑制雪梨汁的酶褐变,试验以雪梨为原料制备多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)粗酶提取液,加入邻苯二酚为底物,采用分光光度法对其PPO的酶学特性及不同护色剂对PPO活性的影响进行了研究;并选择L-半胱氨酸、D-异抗坏血酸钠、抗坏血酸3种添加剂对雪梨汁进行护色,通过响应面优化试验确定雪梨汁最优护色组合。结果表明:雪梨PPO的最适pH为4.5,最适温度为30 ℃;雪梨PPO具有一定的热稳定性,随着温度的提高,抑制PPO活性所需要的时间逐渐减少;雪梨PPO催化底物邻苯二酚的酶促反应动力学与米氏方程高度符合,最大反应速率Vmax=217.39 U/min,米氏常数Km=0.152 mol/L。雪梨汁加工的最优护色剂组合为:6.56 mmol/L的L-半胱氨酸、4.58 mmol/L的D-异抗坏血酸钠和6.18 mmol/L的抗坏血酸,在此条件下对雪梨汁褐变的抑制率可达90.82%。     

西葫芦多酚氧化酶酶学特性研究

以邻苯二酚为底物,采用分光光度法对西葫芦多酚氧化酶(PPO)的酶学特性及不同抑制剂对多酚氧化酶活性的影响进行研究。结果表明,西葫芦多酚氧化酶最适pH为6.6,最适温度为35℃,90℃处理5min可使该酶失活。多酚氧化酶催化的酶促褐变反应动力学符合米氏方程,动力学参数为Km=0.0417mol/L,Vmax=208.33U。四种抑制剂对PPO的抑制效果由强到弱依次为:亚硫酸氢钠>L-半胱氨酸>抗坏血酸>柠檬酸。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the