氟苯尼考在鸡蛋和蛋鸡组织中的残留规律及预测模型建立

氟苯尼考是一种被广泛应用于动物养殖过程中的抗生素药物，可能残留于畜产品中，被人类长期食用会对机体造成耐药性、免疫抑制等不良影响。本实验旨在探讨蛋鸡摄入不同剂量氟苯尼考后，鸡蛋及各组织中氟苯尼考及其代谢产物氟苯尼考胺的清除规律，建立残留预测数学模型。本实验选取处于产蛋高峰期的罗曼粉壳蛋鸡250 只（350 日龄、体质量（1.97±0.07）kg），随机分为5 组，每组50 只，分别给予氟苯尼考0（对照）、30、60、120、240 mg/（kg mb·d），连续给药5 d。采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定不同休药时间点蛋黄、蛋清、卵黄、肌肉、肝脏中氟苯尼考及其代谢产物氟苯尼考胺的残留含量。结果表明：休药1～3 d时，240 mg/（kg mb·d）剂量组蛋鸡产蛋率与其他处理组相比显著降低（P＜0.05），休药4 d后恢复至对照组水平；氟苯尼考及其代谢产物氟苯尼考胺在产蛋鸡组织中残留含量分布：蛋黄＞卵黄＞蛋清＞肝脏＞肌肉；不同组织残留氟苯尼考及氟苯尼消除所需休药时间：肝脏＜肌肉＜蛋清＜蛋黄＜卵黄；氟苯尼考给药剂量和休药时间对残留含量影响高度显著（P＜0.001），且给药剂量与休药时间互作效应高度显著（P＜0.001）。休药时间、给药剂量和残留含量之间呈现二元二次回归关系（P＜0.001）。为达到《中国兽药典（2015年版）》所规定的氟苯尼考给药剂量范围（40～60 mg/（kg mb·d）），肌肉等组织需休药1 d、蛋清蛋黄需休药13 d、卵黄需休药21 d。     

恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考和泰万菌素在鸡蛋中残留消除规律研究

目的 评估恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考和泰万菌素在鸡蛋中的残留消除规律。方法 将80羽高产海兰褐蛋鸡随机等分成4组, 对照组饲喂基础日粮, 恩诺沙星组、氟苯尼考组和泰万菌素组分别经混饲给予相应药物, 每日1次, 连续给药5 d, 停药19 d, 检测各枚鸡蛋中相应药物及其主要代谢产物的残留量。结果 恩诺沙星及其主要代谢产物环丙沙星与氟苯尼考及其主要代谢产物氟苯尼考胺可迅速残留于鸡蛋中, 残留物分别以恩诺沙星原型和氟苯尼考原型为主, 且其残留蓄积期都超过19 d。泰万菌素及其主要代谢产物3-乙酰胺基泰万菌素在鸡蛋中的残留总量低于最大允许残留限量, 且平均残留蓄积期为7 d, 3-乙酰胺基泰万菌素占总残留量的50%以上。结论 恩诺沙星和氟苯尼考在海兰褐品系鸡蛋中残留消除周期超过19 d, 在对后备蛋鸡、肉蛋兼用鸡给药时需严格控制用法用量。在适用情况下, 可优先选择平均残留消除周期相对较短的泰万菌素。     

氟苯尼考在产蛋前期鸡蛋中的残留规律及膳食暴露评估

目的：为了探索开产前蛋鸡使用氟苯尼考后产蛋前期鸡蛋中氟苯尼考的残留规律,评估氟苯尼考对鸡蛋安全性的影响,评价其食用风险。方法：蛋鸡开产前不同时间预防性投喂氟苯尼考后测定鸡蛋中氟苯尼考残留量。结果：给药期间鸡蛋中氟苯尼考和氟苯尼考胺的残留量逐渐升高可达到峰值,或停药后1 d达到峰值,最大残留量出现在第4组为515.86 μg/kg。停药后5 d,鸡蛋中氟苯尼考和氟苯尼考胺的残留总量基本小于100 μg/kg。随着蛋鸡日龄的增长,产蛋率逐渐升高,停药后10~14 d鸡蛋中氟苯尼考和氟苯尼考胺残留量低于检出限。结论：对照实验各组鸡蛋中的检出是氟苯尼考和氟苯尼考胺的浓度总和,开产前23 d使用氟苯尼考,开产后所产鸡蛋对成人和婴儿都是安全的。     

产前饲喂模式下恩诺沙星在初产蛋中的残留规律及膳食暴露评估

目的 消费者长期食用残留恩诺沙星的禽蛋会造成耐药性、过敏反应以及肠道菌群紊乱。本试验旨在探讨蛋鸡产蛋前喂饲恩诺沙星在初产蛋中残留规律,评估其对鸡蛋安全性以及消费者健康的影响。方法 选取378只日龄为85天的海兰褐蛋鸡,根据给药时间分为14组,1.5 g/kg恩诺沙星粉剂,连续拌料喂药 5 d。从给药后生产第 1 枚鸡蛋开始连续采集鸡蛋8天,分析鸡蛋中恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星残留量,采用每日允许摄入量对安全性进行评估。结果 初产蛋中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星含量均随着停药时间延长逐渐降低。给药5d,停药1天的初产蛋中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星含最高分别为959.725 mg/kg和62.263 mg/kg,停药7d后鸡蛋中环丙沙星含量低于检出限,痕量恩诺沙星代谢缓慢,停药24d后鸡蛋中恩诺沙星含量低于检出限。停药1d的初产蛋对儿童和成年人身体健康具有慢性危害风险。结论 为了保证禽蛋中无恩诺沙星残留建议至少需要在产蛋前29天用药,停药24天以上,以满足产品符合国家监管以及保证消费者健康的要求。     

菜籽饼粕对鸡蛋的污染及其预防

芥子碱是菜籽饼粕对部分产蛋鸡鸡蛋污染的化学基础。在鸡肠道某些细菌作用下,芥子碱逐步水解为三甲胺,三甲胺不经氧化直接进入蛋黄中,使其中三甲胺含量显著增大从而产生鱼腥昧。菜籽饼粕中有多种三甲胺氧化酶抑制剂,其中最主要的为PG芥子甙的水解物5—乙烯基噁唑烷硫酮和水溶性单宁。菜籽饼粕的各种脱毒方法以及低硫甙菜籽饼粕乃至多种抗生素和硒都不能完全消除其对部分产蛋鸡鸡蛋的污染。据此笔者认为预防菜籽饼粕对鸡蛋污染的可行方法是避免用含菜籽饼粕的配合料饲喂产棕色蛋的鸡群。     

氟苯尼考及其代谢物氟苯尼考胺在肉鸡中残留消除规律

目的 评估氟苯尼考及其代谢物氟苯尼考胺在不同品种肉鸡中的残留消除规律。方法 选用AA肉鸡、WOD168肉鸡、雪山鸡和狼山鸡为试验对象, 于出栏前3周开始按氟苯尼考25 mg/kg体重饮水给药, 连用5 d, 于停药后1、3、5、7、10、14 d采集肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、皮脂, 检测其中的氟苯尼考和氟苯尼考胺残留量, 并利用WT1.4软件计算休药期。结果 氟苯尼考及其代谢物氟苯尼考胺可迅速残留于肉鸡肌肉、肝脏、肾脏和皮脂中, 残留物以氟苯尼考为主。停药后第1 d残留量达到峰值, 肾脏组织中的残留量最大; 停药后第3 d, 各组织中氟苯尼考和氟苯尼考胺的残留量进入快速消除期, 均低于最大残留限量值; 停药后第14 d已基本消除完全。利用WT1.4软件计算出AA肉鸡、WOD168肉鸡、雪山鸡和狼山鸡休药期分别至少为3.22、3.85、4.49和4.32 d。结论 氟苯尼考在慢速型肉鸡体内的休药期要长于快速型肉鸡, 但都小于5 d。     

我国蛋鸡养殖中药物残留分析研究及监管建议

目的 重点围绕抗生素类兽药的使用,对我国蛋鸡养殖中的药物残留情况进行分析研究并提出监管建议。方法 采用摸底调查、监督抽检和舆情收集的方式,了解国内蛋鸡养殖过程中的用药情况。通过梳理本中心五年来鸡蛋和鸡肉的检测数据,从检出项目、样品及来源分析不合格情况；通过收集舆情,汇总国内各省近年来鸡蛋和鸡肉抽检不合格的情况。结果 发现抗生素的使用确实广泛存在于我国蛋鸡养殖过程中,并经由鸡蛋和鸡肉进入到消费者市场；监督抽检的鸡蛋和鸡肉不合格的项目主要集中在氟苯尼考、恩诺沙星、磺胺二甲嘧啶等磺胺类和甲硝唑等兽药中,这四种药物均为广谱性的抗生素。结论 结合我国国情、借鉴发达国家的做法,提出七项监管建议,为监管部门能及早、有效、最大限度地降低兽药经蛋鸡养殖途径产生的食品安全风险提供参考。     

棉粕致鸡蛋变色机制研究

目的探讨棉籽粕饲料诱导鸡蛋变色的机制。方法在蛋鸡饲料中分别添加醋酸棉酚和环丙烯脂肪酸,测定蛋清蛋黄色泽变化,蛋黄膜的超微结构变化,冷藏后蛋清蛋黄的PH,钙、铁离子含量等相关指标的变化。结果棉籽粕中的环丙烯脂肪酸是引起蛋清冷藏后呈桃红色的主要原因,环丙烯脂肪酸引起蛋黄膜通透性增加,冷藏过程中蛋黄中的钙、铁元素外流到蛋清中与副卵蛋白结合呈桃红色。结论棉籽粕诱导的鸡蛋变色是化学、物理、生物学变化的综合现象。     

不同品种鲜蛋品质差异分析

目的探究褐壳蛋、粉壳蛋和白壳蛋3种类型鸡蛋的品质差异以及对于蛋粉加工的潜在影响。方法选用京红1号、京粉1号和京白1号所产的褐壳蛋、粉壳蛋和白壳蛋作为试验对象,对37周龄和51周龄蛋鸡所产3种类型鸡蛋的蛋品质进行分析比较。结果 37周龄和51周龄的白壳蛋蛋壳厚度、蛋壳比例和蛋壳强度均显著低于其他2个类型鸡蛋(P0.05);37周龄时3种类型鸡蛋的蛋黄水分含量没有显著性差异(P0.05);白壳蛋蛋清水分含量以及总水分含量均较其他2个类型鸡蛋要低。37周龄时褐壳蛋的蛋黄蛋白质和脂肪含量均显著高于其他2个品种,白壳蛋次之,粉壳蛋最低。37周龄时白壳蛋的蛋清蛋白质含量显著低于其他2个品种。由于蛋清中脂肪含量极少,本试验不予考虑。结论褐壳蛋加工成蛋粉后具有更好的营养价值,而白壳蛋可以提高蛋粉加工的产量。     

储存温度对鸡蛋微生物及品质的影响

为了解温度对鸡蛋中各组分微生物生长的影响,对鸡蛋在8、10、20、25℃储存30d内的蛋壳、蛋清和蛋黄的细菌总数变化规律做初步研究,并分析储存终点时鸡蛋的气室深度、蛋黄指数、浓蛋白含量、挥发性盐基氮含量品质指标。结果表明：储存温度对鸡蛋各部分细菌总数影响较大。8℃储存30d时蛋壳、蛋清和蛋黄细菌总数分别为3.5×103、2.4×103、1.7×103CFU/g,而25℃储存时则分别达4.6×106、7.5×104、5.3×105CFU/g。8℃和10℃储存10d内,蛋清和蛋黄中均未检测到细菌,25℃储存时则分别在第5天和第10天从蛋清和蛋黄中检测到细菌。鸡蛋各项品质指标的测定结果也表明储存温度越高鸡蛋品质越差。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.