脱乙酰壳聚糖固定碱性蛋白酶的研究

以脱乙酰壳聚糖为载体，戊二醛为交联剂制备固定化碱性蛋白酶。研究了戊二醛的浓度、给酶量、固定化温度、时间、pH对固定碱性蛋白酶的影响。结果表明：碱性蛋白酶最佳固定化条件是戊二醛浓度为0．2％：给酶量11000U／g；pH为10；在温度为50℃交联时间12h。     

多孔壳聚糖微球固定化碱性蛋白酶的研究

采用自制的多孔壳聚糖微球固定化碱性蛋白酶,以酶活回收率为参考指标,分别对酶浓度、酶与栽体用量比、戊二醛浓度、吸附时间、交联时间、BSA浓度等进行了单因素试验,考察了其对碱性蛋白酶固定化的影响,确定了较好的固定化碱性蛋白酶的工艺条件.结果表明,碱性蛋白酶固定化的最佳工艺条件为:酶与栽体用量比315 U/g、酶浓度45 mg/mL、固定化温度4℃、固定化pH7.2、吸附时间48 h、交联时间8 h、戊二醛浓度为1%、BSA浓度4.5 mg/mL,此时RRA达到65.46%,固定化碱性蛋白酶也具有较好的理化性质.     

壳聚糖固定瑞士乳杆菌蛋白酶的条件研究

以壳聚糖为载体,戊二醛为交联剂,采用交联-吸附法对瑞士乳杆菌蛋白酶的固定化条件进行研究。在单因素试验基础上,以固定化酶活力为主要指标,研究凝结液、壳聚糖质量浓度、酶用量、交联时间、戊二醛质量浓度对瑞士乳杆菌蛋白酶固定化的影响。运用响应面对固定化条件进行优化,确定瑞士乳杆菌蛋白酶的最优固定条件：凝结液为4g/100mL NaOH-甲醇(体积比3:1)、壳聚糖质量浓度2.89g/100mL、酶用量2.95mg、交联时间1h、戊二醛质量浓度0.40g/100mL,此时固定化酶活力为28.67U。     

固定化Neutrase中性蛋白酶的研究

以壳聚糖为载体、戊二醛为交联剂固定化Neutrase中性蛋白酶。通过单因素实验，分析了壳聚糖浓度、戊二醛浓度、交联时间对微球制备的影响及戊二醛加入量对酶固定的影响。由正交实验确定制备固定化酶的最佳工艺参数为：壳聚糖浓度为3％、戊二醛与葡胺糖残基摩尔比为1：2、制备微球交联时间为1h，微球与酶振荡吸附12h，再加入2．5％戊二醛交联，使戊二醛最终浓度达到0．9％，制备得固定化中性蛋白酶活力为112．69U／g。固定化蛋白酶的热稳定性和对酸碱的稳定性均较游离中性蛋白酶有所提高。     

海藻酸钠固定化碱性蛋白酶制备及酶学性质的研究

对采用海藻酸钠固定化碱性蛋白酶的方法和酶学性质进行了研究。在单因素实验基础上,采用响应面优化方法确定固定化的最优条件,得到的最佳条件为:海藻酸钠浓度3.1%,pH9.4,CaCl2浓度3.0%,游离酶添加量10000U/g,时间1.8h,固定化酶活力可达5518U/g。固定化酶的最适pH为10,最适温度为60℃,制得的固定化酶的热力学稳定性和操作稳定性较好。此外,固定化酶重复利用5个循环后酶活力仅降低40%。     

氨基硅烷修饰的磁性纳米粒子固定化碱性蛋白酶

用3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷对四氧化三铁磁性纳米粒子表面进行修饰,以戊二醛作为交联剂固定化碱性蛋白酶。结果表明：在经过表面修饰的磁性纳米粒子具有较好的磁分离能力,碱性蛋白酶能有效地结合在修饰后的粒子表面。固定化酶的最佳条件：酶添加量为7000U/g、反应温度为40℃、时间为1.5h;固定后酶活力可达3352U/g,回收率为48%,在反复使用5次以后,依然能保持34.2%的酶活力。     

粉煤灰固定化碱性蛋白酶特性的研究

以经甲烷磺酸活化和γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷偶连的粉煤灰为载体,戊二醛为交联剂,采用载体交联法制备固定化碱性蛋白酶,同时对固定化条件进行了研究。实验结果表明,碱性蛋白酶的最佳固定化条件为:给酶量4mL,戊二醛浓度0.2%,固定化温度25℃、交联3h。在此条件下得到的固定化碱性蛋白酶活回收率可达63.8%。该固定化碱性蛋白酶的稳定性较理想,连续使用6次后,其剩余酶活仍保持在29.4%。     

色素红曲霉和降脂红曲霉主要胞外酶系的比较研究

通过对比试验研究了在相同的固态发酵条件下色素红曲霉和降脂红曲霉的生长特性以及主要胞外酶系的差异，结果表明色素红曲霉接种后生长快，对底物的利用率高，使底物淀粉的残留量由90．5％降至34．7％，而降脂红曲霉仅使淀粉残留量由90．5％降至69．8%，色素红曲霉的胞外葡萄糖淀粉酶、酸性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶的最高酶活力分别为303．8U／g、135．8U／g和5．3U／g，而降脂红曲霉的最高酶活力分别为38．4U／g、51．2U／g和16．2U／g二者产α一淀粉酶脂肪酶和碱性蛋白质酶活力均未检出。这些胞外酶活力的差异可能是降脂红曲霉在生产过程中抗污染能力不及色素红曲霉的一方面原因。     

介孔二氧化硅制备固定化菠萝蛋白酶的研究

采用经扫描电镜和透射电镜表征的介孔二氧化硅制备固定化菠萝蛋白酶,具有工艺简便、条件温和及操作方便的特点.考察了给酶量、pH和时间对固定化菠萝蛋白酶活力的影响,在酶量25mg/mL、pH5.0、固定化时间22h时,固定化酶的酶活为603 U/g.介孔二氧化硅固定的菠萝蛋白酶在50℃水浴60min后,固定化酶的活力保持在92％以上,说明固定化酶的热稳定性较高.该固定酶持续操作三次后,使用活性逐渐衰减,但第3次相对酶活仍然达38.5％,反映了菠萝蛋白酶分子与载体有较强的物理吸附作用而且固定的菠萝蛋白酶有一定的可重复使用性.     

冠突散囊菌固态发酵产消化酶活力的研究

以麦麸为基础培养基,研究了发酵时间和培养基营养物对冠突散囊菌产消化酶活性的影响,以探明该菌产消化酶的能力。结果表明,冠突散囊菌产脂肪酶的活性在发酵6d时达到11．42U／g,淀粉酶的活性在发酵5d时达到254U/g,而在最适培养基条件下发酵7d产中性蛋白酶的酶活力达到237U／g,产碱性蛋白酶的酶活力达到236U儋。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.