基于qPCR快速检测米饭中产呕吐毒素蜡样芽孢杆菌的研究

为了建立基于QPCR的快速方法检测米饭中产呕吐毒素蜡样芽孢杆菌,首先采用煮沸法提取蜡样芽孢杆菌基因组DNA,并利用普通PCR方法验证引物特异性,然后通过在米饭样品中添加目标菌,模拟受污染的实际样本,用QPCR技术定量检测米饭中产呕吐毒素蜡样芽孢杆菌。结果表明该方法具有快速、特异性强、灵敏度高和稳定性好的优点,能对产呕吐毒素蜡样芽孢杆菌定量。不经过增菌培养,实际样品的检测限为9.8×101CFU/g;经过2 h的增菌培养,检测限能达到100CFU/g;并且米饭中添加其他杂菌后,不影响对蜡样芽孢杆菌的检测。建立的QPCR方法适用于米饭等相关淀粉类食品中产呕吐毒素蜡样芽孢杆菌的检测,从而为监测该菌所致食品污染以及早期相关食物中毒提供快速定量检测方法。     

环介导等温扩增技术快速检测椰毒假单胞菌的研究

建立环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)快速检测椰毒假单胞菌的方法.根据公布的椰毒假单胞菌16S～23SrRNA基因序列设计引物,建立了LAMP反应体系,在此基础上检测了蜡样芽孢杆菌菌液和人工污染蜡样芽孢杆菌的银耳样品,并将LAMP法与PCR法进行比较.结果表明,LAMP检测方法具有较高的特异性和敏感性,椰毒假单胞菌的检出限为5.4CFU/mL,是PCR方法检测灵敏度的1000倍,人工污染银耳样品中的椰毒假单胞菌的检出限为76CFU/g,样品中椰毒假单胞菌的检测过程(包括DNA提取、LAMP和电泳)可在2h内完成,因此LAMP可以简便快速有效地检测食品中的椰毒假单胞菌.     

FTA滤膜与环介导等温扩增技术结合快速检测消毒乳中的蜡样芽孢杆菌

目的:建立环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)快速检测蜡样芽孢杆菌的方法.方法:根据公布的蜡样芽孢杆菌溶血素基因的hblA基因的保守序列设计引物,将FTA滤膜提取DNA与LAMP法相结合,检测蜡样芽孢杆菌和人工污染蜡样芽孢杆菌的消毒乳.结果:LAMP方法检测灵敏度高,蜡样芽孢杆菌的检出限为4.4 cfu/mL,比PCR检测灵敏度高10倍;人工污染消毒乳中蜡样芽孢杆菌的检出限为57 cfu/mL.LAMP扩增可在20 min内完成,对消毒乳中蜡样芽孢杆菌的检测(包括DNA提取、LAMP和电泳)可在2 h内完成.结论:初步建立LAMP检测蜡样芽孢杆菌的快速检测方法.该方法灵敏度高、特异性好、耗时短.为食品中蜡样芽孢杆菌快速检测构建了一个技术平台.     

改良LAMP快速检测酸土脂环酸芽胞杆菌的 研究

建立改良环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)检测酸土脂环酸芽胞杆菌的方法。以酸土脂环酸芽胞杆菌的16S r RNA基因保守区域设计4条特异性引物,优化反应体系,通过荧光曲线、琼脂糖凝胶电泳和白色沉淀判定扩增结果。同时,对LAMP引物特异性、灵敏度、检出限进行研究。LAMP法在61℃,60 min内完成酸土脂环酸芽胞杆菌的检测。2株酸土脂环酸芽胞杆菌呈阳性结果,17株非酸土脂环酸芽胞杆菌呈阴性结果,表明该种检测方法具有高特异性。检测纯菌灵敏度为7.2 CFU/m L,对人工污染苹果汁样品中酸土脂环酸芽胞杆菌的检出限是18 CFU/m L。LAMP法检测酸土脂环酸芽胞杆有操作简单、灵敏度高、特异性强等优点,应用前景广阔。     

环介导等温扩增技术检测食品中铜绿假单胞菌

建立食品中铜绿假单胞菌环介导等温扩增(LAMP)检测方法。利用铜绿假单胞菌外毒素A(PEA)基因序列,设计3对铜绿假单胞菌LAMP检测特异性引物,用36株铜绿假单胞菌,14株近源菌验证方法的特异性。建立的LAMP方法特异性好,灵敏度达到2.2 cfu/100 g~3.5 cfu/100 g。建立的食品中铜绿假单胞菌LAMP检测方法特异性好,灵敏度高,适用于的检测食品中的铜绿假单胞菌。     

肉制品中蜡样芽胞杆菌实时荧光PCR检测方法的研究

根据蜡样芽胞杆菌肠毒素基因片段序列,用Primer express 3.0设计一对特异性引物和一个TaqMan探针,建立蜡样芽胞杆菌实时荧光PCR检测方法。通过对梯度含量的蜡样芽胞杆菌标准菌液样品DNA和多种细菌的DNA进行实时荧光PCR检测,来检测其灵敏度和验证引物和探针的特异性。实验结果表明,只有蜡样芽胞杆菌产生扩增曲线,其他细菌无扩增,说明引物及TaqMan探针特异性较好,检测灵敏度为1×10~3CFU/m L。该方法具有很好的研究价值和应用前景。     

基于MALDI-TOF MS技术快速检测产呕吐毒素蜡样芽胞杆菌

该研究探讨了基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱仪快速鉴别产呕吐毒素蜡样芽胞杆菌的方法。通过对标准品进行分析,重新对特征峰进行定位并测定其灵敏度,并用正交试验分析不同培养条件下检验结果的差异,用优化后的培养条件对49株野生蜡样芽胞杆菌及3株标准菌株进行特异性检验。研究表明,MALDI-TOF MS可检测到产呕吐毒素蜡样芽胞杆菌中呕吐毒素相应m/z值为1 175的[M+Na]+和m/z值为1 191的[M+K]+加合物特征峰,具有较高的灵敏度（0.01 μg/mL）,经极差分析显示,选用MYP培养基30 ℃培养12 h后的菌落能获得最稳定、响应值高（>104）的检验结果;方法应用验证表明,49株野生菌株中2株含ces基因的蜡样芽胞杆菌均检出,其余未含有ces基因的菌株均未检出。该研究建立的MALDI-TOF MS检测方法能直接快速准确检出产呕吐毒素蜡样芽胞杆菌,该方法检测特异性强（100%）,灵敏度高（0.01 μg/mL）,对于食品安全事故快速精准分析研判有重要的意义。     

云南边贸进口即食食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌污染状况及其呕吐毒素基因型检测

为探究云南省边贸进口即食食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌的污染状况及其呕吐毒素基因型携带情况,从云南边境各口岸进口食品贸易集散点(边民互市点、农贸市场以及进出口产品店等地)共采集市售包装样品224份。通过VITEK 2 compact全自动微生物鉴定系统和双重实时荧光聚合酶链式反应(Double real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction,Dual real-time PCR)技术对分离得到的蜡样芽胞杆菌进行鉴定,并对阳性菌株中的呕吐毒素基因进行检测。结果表明:蜡样芽胞杆菌在所采集样品中的检出率为20.09%(45/224),天保、金水河、瑞丽以及畹町各口岸检出率均高于10%。检出率较高的食品类别为:酱腌菜60%(3/5)、调味品50%(15/30)、水产及其制品46.67%(7/15);从45份阳性样品中共分离出113株蜡样芽胞杆菌,其中呕吐型毒素基因cesB的携带率为0.88%(1/113),呕吐型毒素基因携带率较低,但是蜡样芽胞杆菌的污染风险仍不可忽视。该研究结果对边贸进口食品安全、食源性疾病的监测及预防提供了理论依据。     

2012—2014年江西省市售婴幼儿配方食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌调查及呕吐毒素基因分析

目的了解2012—2014年江西省市售婴幼儿配方食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌的污染情况并对呕吐毒素基因进行分析。方法在全省市县中选取13个采样点,包括超市、百货商场、便利店、农贸市场、网店、批发市场,随机抽取婴幼儿配方食品397份,对蜡样芽胞杆菌进行检测和鉴定,同时应用叠氮溴化丙锭内参多重PCR方法检测分离株的呕吐毒素基因。结果 397份食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌阳性率为13.10%(52/397),其中2013年阳性率最高。不同采样点的阳性率差异有统计学意义(P0.05),不同产地、不同流通环节和不同年龄段的阳性率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),52份阳性食品中检出呕吐型蜡样芽胞杆菌2份,呕吐毒素阳性率为3.85%。结论江西省市售婴幼儿配方食品中存在蜡样芽胞杆菌及呕吐型蜡样芽胞杆菌的污染,存在一定的安全隐患,相关监管部门应继续加强监管,预防食源性疾病的发生。     

环介导恒温扩增技术可视化检测携带tdh基因的致病性副溶血性弧菌

建立了环介导恒温扩增技术检测携带tdh基因的致病性副溶血性弧菌。基于副溶血性弧菌高度保守的tdh基因序列,设计了6条特异性引物,两条外引物F3、B3,两条内引物FIP、BIP及两条环引物LF、LB。在Bst DNA Polymerase作用下,60℃恒温水浴进行扩增。对10种细菌共21株菌进行LAMP扩增,所试6株副溶血性弧菌均为阳性,说明引物具有高度特异性。本LAMP方法对纯培养物的灵敏度可达到9.42cfu/m L。对污染食品中副溶血性弧菌的灵敏度为25.3cfu/25g,40~60min内即可完成检测。本方法操作简便、特异性强、灵敏度高,可以为临床提供简单、快速、高灵敏度和高特异性的检测应用。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.