2018年中国大陆食源性疾病暴发监测资料分析

目的 分析2018年中国大陆食源性疾病暴发事件的流行病学特征。方法 对我国食源性疾病暴发监测系统收集的2018年食源性疾病暴发数据进行描述性统计分析。结果 2018年31个省（区市）和新疆生产建设兵团共上报食源性疾病暴发事件6 537起,累计发病41 750人,死亡135人。发生在家庭的食源性疾病暴发造成了80%的死亡病例,毒蘑菇引起的事件数和死亡人数最多,分别占25.13%和37.78%。微生物性因素引起的发病人数最多,占29.28%。结论 家庭是报告食源性疾病暴发死亡病例的重要场所,尤其注意有地域特点的饮食习惯,比如采食野生蘑菇等。微生物性食源性疾病是我国重要的食品安全问题,副溶血性弧菌和沙门氏菌是最常见的食源性致病菌,致病菌代谢产物（如米酵菌酸）引起的中毒需要引起重视。     

2021年中国大陆食源性疾病暴发监测资料分析

目的 分析2021年中国大陆食源性疾病暴发事件的流行病学特征,为制定预防措施提供依据。方法 对我国食源性疾病暴发监测系统收集的2021年食源性疾病暴发数据的流行病学特征进行描述性统计学分析。结果 2021年,30个省（自治区、直辖市）和新疆生产建设兵团（除西藏自治区）共上报食源性疾病暴发事件数5 493起,累计发病32 334人,死亡117人。在病因明确的3 275起事件中,毒蘑菇导致的事件数和死亡人数最多,分别占49.13%（1 609/3 275）和67.86%（76/112）;微生物性致病因子导致的发病人数最多,占53.05%（11 585 /21 839）;在食源性疾病暴发的场所中,家庭的事件数和死亡人数最多,分别占54.00%（2 966/5 493）和92.31%（108/117）;餐饮服务场所的发病人数最多,占65.59%（21 208/32 334）。结论 家庭是毒蘑菇死亡事件发生最多的场所;微生物性致病因子是餐馆和学校食堂的主要致病因素。建议各地根据不同类别食源性疾病暴发事件的发生特点,在高发季节、高发地区、重点场所做好监测预警、食品安全监管、健康教育和医疗救治等工作。     

2015—2021年泰安市食源性疾病暴发事件流行病学特征分析

目的 分析泰安市2015—2021年食源性疾病暴发事件流行病学特征，为提出相应预防措施提供理论依据。方法 收集2015—2021年泰安市通过“国家食源性疾病暴发监测系统”上报的食源性疾病暴发事件，并进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2015—2021年共报告食源性疾病暴发事件375起，发病1 943人，住院279人，无死亡，发病人数在30人以下的事件365起（97.33%）。第二、三季度是食源性疾病暴发事件的高发季节，事件数共298起，占79.47%。发生在餐饮服务场所的事件数和发病人数最多，分别占53.33%（200/375）和69.58%（1 352/1 943），其次为家庭，事件数和发病人数分别占41.07%（154/375）和21.62%（420/1 943）。致病因子不明的事件数最多，占89.87%（337/375）。已查明致病因子的事件中，微生物性和化学性一样多，均占39.47%（15/38）；化学性事件中，8起因家庭自种韭菜中的农药残留引起，6起为餐饮服务场所的亚硝酸盐中毒。结论 应强化对餐饮服务场所的监管和从业人员食品卫生基础知识的培训，同时，加强家庭食品安全知识的宣传力度，对家庭自种韭菜中农药使用进行技术指导。提升流行病学调查和实验室检验能力，提高病因的查明率。     

2015—2019年江西省细菌性食源性疾病暴发事件分析

目的 分析江西省2015—2019年细菌性食源性疾病暴发事件的流行病学特征,为预防和有效控制细菌性食源性疾病提供科学依据。方法 收集江西省2015—2019年食源性疾病暴发监测系统中报告的细菌性食源性疾病暴发事件资料,采用描述性流行病学方法进行分析。结果 2015—2019年江西省共报告细菌性食源性疾病暴发事件161起,累计发病1 682人,住院794人,年均报告发病率为0.73/10万,事件集中发生在5~10月。沙门菌及副溶血性弧菌是细菌性食源性疾病的主要致病菌,导致的暴发事件数和发病人数最多,分别占总数的45.4%（73/161）和56.4%（949/1 682）,肉与肉制品是主要的原因食品。家庭、宾馆饭店、农村宴席、学校食堂、单位食堂是事件发生的主要场所,食品加工、储存不当、原料（辅料）污染或变质是事件的主要引发因素。结论 细菌性食源性疾病仍是江西省主要的公共卫生问题,高发季节应针对重点食品、重点场所和相关人群加强监管或教育培训,增强家庭食品安全意识,减少细菌性食源性疾病的发生。     

2011—2020年中国食源性疾病流行病学分析

目的 分析2011—2020年全国食源性疾病事件发生规律，为制定预防措施提供依据。方法 对2011—2020年全国食源性疾病暴发事件数据进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2011—2020年食源性疾病暴发事件34 558起，发病人数259 481人；事件高发于6~9月（60.82%）。致病因素以有毒动植物及蘑菇中毒（43.56%）、不明原因（35.49%）和微生物（16.42%）为主，其中菌类及其制品导致的事件数占比（18.33%）与死亡人数占比（52.69%）最高。暴露场所主要在餐饮服务单位（49.31%）和家庭（46.68%），且暴发于家庭的年均增长率最高（33.66%）。结论 近10年我国食源性疾病主要致病因素是有毒动植物及毒蘑菇，集中于菌类及其制品；事件高发于6~9月，暴露场所以餐饮服务单位和家庭为主，且倾向于家庭。     

2010—2020年中国大陆有毒动植物性食源性疾病暴发事件分析

目的 了解2010—2020年中国大陆有毒动植物性食源性疾病暴发事件的发生规律及流行病学特征,为预防和控制有毒动植物性食源性疾病事件的发生提供依据。方法 收集整理2010—2020年报告的有毒动植物性食源性疾病暴发事件资料,建立数据库,并按发生时间、发生场所、致病原因、致病因子污染环节（引发因素）等进行统计分析。结果 有毒动植物性食源性疾病暴发事件5 244起,发病37 610人,死亡271人。第二季度为发病高峰,事件数、发病人数分别占全年总数的35.37%（1 855/5 244）和31.18%（11 727/37 610）。植物性4 794起,发病34 482人,死亡222人;动物性450起,发病3 128人,死亡49人。致病原因前3位依次为植物凝集素及皂素（37.49%,1 966/5 244）、乌头碱（8.28%,434/5 244）、桐子酸（6.24%,327/5 244）;发生场所主要为家庭、单位食堂;引发因素主要是误食误用、未充分煮熟煮透。结论 有毒动植物性食源性疾病四季均有发生,第二季度为高峰,菜豆、乌头的加工不当是主要中毒原因。应针对以上流行特征,重点对家庭开展针对性的宣传教育,从而减少有毒动植物性食源性疾病的发生。     

2010—2020年中国大陆学校食源性疾病暴发事件分析

目的 描述中国大陆学校食源性疾病暴发的流行病学特征,并提出针对性预防措施。方法 对2010—2020年国家食源性疾病暴发网报告的全国学校食源性疾病暴发事件进行描述性分析。结果 2010—2020年全国共报告学校食源性疾病暴发事件2 101起,累计发病44 510例,住院15 193例,死亡6例。平均每起事件的发病人数为21例。50.9%（1 069/2 101）的暴发未确定致病因素,21.2%（446/2 101）的暴发事件未确定原因食品。微生物性因素引起的暴发事件数最多,占已知病因暴发事件65.7%（678/1 032）;引起死亡的暴发事件首要因素是化学性因素,占总死亡人数的83.3%（5/6）。金黄色葡萄球菌及其肠毒素和蜡样芽孢杆菌是最常见的病原体,分别占已知病因暴发报告的14%（145/1 032）和13%（135/1 032）。最常见的原因食品为肉类食品（9.2%,194/2 101）、误食有毒植物（8.8%,184/2 101）和米面食品（8.1%,171/2 101）;9月是高发月份（20.2%,425/2 101）;暴发中的原因食品受污染的环节主要为制备食品时加热温度或时间不充分,或者误食误用有毒动植物、化学物质,以及对食物储存不当。结论 学校和食品安全管理相关部门应加强食品安全指导及监督管理,定期对食堂从业人员进行培训,针对中小学生开展食品安全宣传教育,各部门紧密合作,加强现场卫生学调查。     

2016—2020年湖北省毒蘑菇中毒流行特征分析

目的 分析2016—2020年湖北省毒蘑菇中毒流行特征,为预警防控提供科学依据。方法 运用描述流行病学方法,对2016—2020年食源性疾病暴发监测系统报告的湖北省毒蘑菇中毒事件的流行病学特征进行分析。结果 2016—2020年湖北省共计报告毒蘑菇中毒事件163起,发病487人,死亡17人,病死率为3.49%（17/487）。事件数最多的是2020年,占总事件数的34.36%（56/163）;毒蘑菇中毒主要发生在6-10月份;恩施州和宜昌市是毒蘑菇中毒的高发地区;家庭是毒蘑菇中毒主要发生场所,占事件总数的93.87%（153/163）;农村毒蘑菇中毒事件远高于城市;误采误食是毒蘑菇中毒的原因。结论 毒蘑菇中毒是湖北省食物中毒死亡的主要原因,应在高发季节对重点区域、人群开展针对性宣传教育,教育群众不采不食野生蘑菇。     

2010—2020年中国大陆生熟交叉污染导致食源性疾病暴发事件流行病学特征分析

目的 了解2010—2020年中国大陆由生熟交叉污染导致的食源性疾病暴发事件的流行病学特征,为有效防控生熟交叉污染食源性疾病暴发提供依据。方法 收集2010—2020年国家食源性疾病暴发监测系统报告的食物加工环节为生熟交叉污染导致的食源性疾病暴发事件,分析其流行病学特点。结果 2010—2020年国家食源性疾病暴发监测系统报告生熟交叉污染导致的食源性疾病暴发事件667起（1.85%）,发病11 766例,死亡4例;高发季节为第二、三季度;高发地区为南方地区;发生场所以餐饮服务场所（66.4%,443/667）和集体食堂（22.6%,151/667）为主;原因食品（除去不明食品、多种食品、混合食品）主要为肉类（26.2%,175/667）和水产类食品（14.1%,94/667）;致病微生物及毒素是导致生熟交叉污染食源性疾病暴发事件的主要致病因素,排在前3位的是副溶血性弧菌、沙门菌和金黄色葡萄球菌及其肠毒素;副溶血性弧菌事件的高危食品是水产类（55.1%,75/136）和肉类（37.5%,51/136）;沙门菌事件的高危食品为肉类（62.2%,46/74）;主要致病因子有地域性差异,其中华东、华南、西南地区副溶血性弧菌污染事件（χ²=26.3,P<0.001）和沙门菌事件（χ²=18.3,P<0.001）的构成比有差异。结论 生熟交叉污染食源性疾病事件是不容忽视的重要食品安全问题,在高温季节和南方地区,尤其要加强餐饮服务场所和集体食堂制备动物类食品时的卫生管理和食品从业人员的操作规范、微生物性食源性疾病的认知培训。     

2011—2020年湖北省家庭食源性疾病暴发事件流行病学分析

目的 为预防和控制湖北省家庭食源性疾病暴发事件提供科学决策与依据。方法 收集国家食源性疾病暴发监测系统中2011—2020年湖北省家庭食源性疾病暴发事件相关数据,对发病时间、地区、原因食品、致病因子、引发原因等流行特征进行分析。结果 2011—2020年湖北省食源性疾病暴发事件共报告506起,累计发病数4 503例,死亡46例,其中报告发生在家庭的264起,占总事件数的52.17%;病例997例,占总病例数22.14%;死亡44例,病死率为4.41%。7月是事件暴发的高发月份,报告事件数98起,占总事件数的37.12%(98/264)。在家庭发生事件的主要致病因子是毒蘑菇（178起,67.42%）,其次是不明原因（37起,14.02%）,化学污染物（22起,8.33%）,三者占总报告事件数的89.77%,占总死亡例数的88.64%(39/44)。结论 2011—2020年湖北省在家庭发生的食源性疾病暴发事件主要致病因子为毒蘑菇,主要引发原因是误食误用,对大众的预防食源性疾病（特别是预防毒蘑菇）宣传教育仍需进一步加强。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.