河豚鱼皮胶原寡肽制备工艺的优化

研究以无毒河豚鱼皮作为原料,采用两步酶解法制备胶原寡肽的最佳工艺。以水解度和分子量为指标,通过单因素和正交实验优化工艺条件。实验结果表明,第一步最佳用酶为鱼鳞鱼皮胶原蛋白水解专用酶或胰蛋白酶,第二步最佳用酶为酸性蛋白酶。酸性蛋白酶的最佳酶解条件为:投酶量2%,p H4.5,温度50℃,水解时间8h。制备得到的河豚鱼皮胶原寡肽分子量分布主要集中在100~600u。冻干样品的胶原肽含量为94.0%,灰分为0.71%,水分为5.2%。     

酶法水解真鲷鱼皮和鱼鳞制取胶原蛋白肽

以真鲷鱼鱼皮、鱼鳞为材料,研究了酶法制取胶原蛋白肽工艺。以水解度为指标,研究蛋白酶种类、酶解条件对水解度的影响,并采用正交试验对鱼皮、鱼鳞胶原肽制备工艺进行优化。结果表明,采用胰蛋白酶水解鱼皮,在加酶量950 U/g,pH 7.0,温度55℃,料液比1︰8,酶解反应6 h的优化条件下,胶原蛋白时水解度最高,达到29.73%;高压液相色谱(HPLC)分析表明,水解液中甘氨酸含量最高,不含色氨酸,符合胶原蛋白氨基酸特征。     

罗非鱼皮胶原蛋白肽酶解液的制备及其抗氧化特性研究

以罗非鱼皮为原料,采用直接酶法提取胶原蛋白肽,用正交试验对罗非鱼皮胶原蛋白肽的制备工艺进行优化,并测定了罗非鱼皮的基本组成成分和鱼皮胶原蛋白肽的氨基酸组成。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶添加量为0．5％,固液比1：3,酶解时间为3h,酶解温度50℃时鱼皮胶原蛋白肽的提取率最高为13．5％。并对产品胶原蛋白肽的抗氧化特性进行了分析。     

响应面法优化酶解罗非鱼皮制备抗氧化肽的工艺研究

采用响应面分析法对酶法水解罗非鱼皮制备抗氧化肽的工艺条件进行优化。以水解度、DPPH自由基与OH自由基半抑制浓度(IC50)、还原力为评价指标,分析比较了商业蛋白酶中的酸性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶及木瓜蛋白酶对罗非鱼皮的水解效果及其产物的抗氧化活性,筛选出碱性蛋白酶为最佳水解用酶,并利用响应面分析法对罗非鱼皮酶解条件予以了优化,最终确立的最佳酶解工艺为:p H10.00、反应时间4 h、温度40℃、料液比0.38 g/m L,在此条件下产物的还原力为1.054,与模型预测值相吻合,表明了响应面法的有效性。     

碱性蛋白酶水解罗非鱼皮提取胶原蛋白肽的最佳条件研究

以罗非鱼皮为原料,采用酶法提取胶原蛋白肽,用正交实验对罗非鱼皮胶原蛋白肽的提取工艺进行优化,并测定了罗非鱼皮的基本组成成分和鱼皮胶原蛋白肽的氨基酸组成.结果表明,碱性蛋白酶添加量为0.5%,固液比1:3,酶解时间为3 h,酶解温度为50℃时鱼皮胶原蛋白肽的提取率最高为13.5%.     

三酶法制备罗非鱼鱼皮胶原蛋白抗氧化肽及活性研究

为了探索制备罗非鱼鱼皮胶原蛋白抗氧化肽的最佳工艺,在碱性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶酶解的基础上,以酶解温度、酶解时间、酶解pH值和酶与底物质量比([E]/[S])为试验因素,以水解度和DPPH自由基清除率为响应值,采用响应面分析法优化Orientase 20A酶的酶解条件。结果表明:最优工艺参数为:酶解温度为41.74℃、pH3.97、酶解时间为6h、[E]/[S]为1.5%,酶解液水解度和DPPH自由基清除率的预测值分别为9.42%和35.01%,验证值分别为9.57%和35.21%。响应面对酶解法制备罗非鱼鱼皮胶原蛋白抗氧化肽的酶解条件的优化是可行的,可以用于实际预测。抗氧化活性实验表明,酶解肽具有较强的清除DPPH自由基和ABTS+.能力,其IC50值分别为10.78mg/mL和8.26mg/mL。     

具有自由基清除活性的鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白肽酶解工艺研究

以蛋白水解度和羟自由基清除率为指标,采用胰蛋白酶法提取秘鲁鱿鱼皮中的胶原蛋白肽,并通过单因素试验和正交试验优化了鱼皮胶原蛋白肽的制备工艺条件,同时测定了鱼皮的基本组成成分.结果表明,加酶量5％,酶解时间7h,酶解温度50℃,pH值8.0,酶解效果最好.此条件下,鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白肽的水解度为26.1％,羟自由基清除率为83.3％,在医用保健食品和抗衰老美容护肤产品上具有很好的实用价值.     

酶解罗非鱼骨提取胶原多肽的工艺优化

以罗非鱼骨为研究对象,研究其胶原蛋白酶解为胶原多肽的工艺。通过单因素和正交试验,以水解度和胶原蛋白提取率为考核指标,确定了酶解罗非鱼骨的最佳用酶为碱性蛋白酶,最佳工艺条件为:酶解4 h,加酶量4 000U/g,pH 10.5,底物浓度4.5%。在此条件下,鱼骨的水解度为28.81%,胶原多肽提取率为45.02%。试验为深入研究和开发罗非鱼骨胶原多肽及其相关产品提供了理论和技术基础。     

鮟鱇鱼肝抗氧化肽的酶法制备及对羟自由基的清除作用

以脱脂鮟鱇鱼肝为原料,以水解度及对羟自由基的清除活性为考察指标,用木瓜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶及胰蛋白酶进行单酶解筛选试验。以水解度及对羟自由基的清除作用为指标,应用二次正交旋转组合设计试验研究加酶量、酶解时间、pH值及温度对制备鮟鱇鱼肝抗氧化肽工艺的影响。综合考虑水解度和对羟自由基的清除活性因素,最终确定碱性蛋白酶酶解鮟鱇鱼肝制备抗氧化肽的最佳工艺条件是:加酶量3000U/g,酶解时间6h,pH8.5,酶解温度55℃。该条件下制备的鮟鱇鱼肝抗氧化肽产物水解度和对羟自由基的清除分别为69.52%、76.74%。     

罗非鱼副产物蛋白水解肽的呈味分析

为了探究罗非鱼副产物蛋白水解物中滋味活性物质的来源,该研究以罗非鱼的鱼皮、鱼头和鱼骨为原料,采用中性蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶、复合蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶分别对三种副产物进行酶解,分析比较水解度、分子量、前体蛋白与滋味活性物质的关系。结果表明：三种罗非鱼副产物经过风味蛋白酶水解酶水解8 h后获得最高水解度,分别为14.29%、23.7%和31.86%。经过木瓜蛋白酶水解的副产物酶解液均呈现出显著苦味或酸味,而鱼头经过碱性蛋白酶酶解得到的水解产物具有鲜味,鱼骨则经过菠萝蛋白酶水解得到鲜味,鱼皮经过中性蛋白酶水解表现出鲜味和酸味,但鱼头却呈现出苦味。通过LC-MS/MS鉴定,胶原蛋白、肌原纤维蛋白以及肌浆蛋白是罗非鱼副产物酶解液滋味活性肽的重要味觉活性前体,这些滋味肽的分子量大部分小于1500 u,肽段中疏水性氨基酸残基对罗非鱼副产物滋味的形成具有重要作用,其中蛋氨酸在酶解液的鲜味的形成中起重要贡献。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.