郑408块火烧油层物理模拟研究

为了准确认识郑408块先导试验区的火驱动态,并深入研究敏感性稠油油藏火烧驱油机理,研制了新型一维火烧驱油物理模拟实验装置。采用郑408块地层岩心和地层原油进行了室内火烧油层物理模拟实验。结果表明,郑408块油藏点火温度为365~375℃,火烧前缘推进速度与注气强度呈正相关,在充分注气燃烧条件下,地层不会出现结焦现象;火烧之后岩石矿物组分改变有利于储层渗透性能的改善,但变化不大。实验证据显示,在燃烧带前缘存在高含油饱和度带,在该区域压降较其他区域集中。     

火烧开发现场动态跟踪分析

通过数值模拟对胜利油田郑408-20井组的火驱现状进行分析,并预测未来5 a开发动态指标。计算结果表明:郑408-20试1油层较厚,注气量偏小,顶部油层由于气体的上浮作用气蹿现象更严重,造成了单井产量较低;通过增加注气量、转湿、控制水气比等开发方案的调整,水气比为1.3 kg/m3时,预测5 a后地层压力约为9 MPa,地层温度有所降低,水蒸气把已燃区内的热量带到了燃烧前缘,火烧前缘已经接近生产井,累积产油量为30.86 kt,采出程度达到14.59%。     

从室内实验看火驱辅助重力泄油技术风险

将水平井引入特、超稠油油藏火烧油层技术中,可以实现火驱辅助重力泄油,其原理类似于水平井条件下的蒸汽辅助重力泄油（SAGD）。与SAGD相比,火驱辅助重力泄油技术对操作程序的要求更为苛刻,油藏和工程风险更大。室内三维物理模拟实验表明,在直井做为注气点火井、水平井做为火驱生产井时,可以实现连续稳定泄油,并能有效提高储层纵向动用程度。但如果注采关系控制失当,特别是在火驱中后期,有可能出现燃烧前缘沿着水平井突进的现象,会在地层中形成大范围死油区并可能损毁水平井段,带来油藏和工程风险     

海上稠油火烧油层物理模拟实验研究

为探索海上稠油火烧油层开发的可行性,针对渤海稠油油藏开展了火烧油层物理模拟实验。根据石油沥青组分测定法,分析渤海稠油原油组分;通过热失重与扫描量热同步热分析仪测试活化能等高温氧化反应动力学参数;采用一维燃烧管实验模拟评价燃烧稳定性及驱油效果。研究结果表明,渤海稠油组分特征与国内陆上油田相似;稠油高温氧化活化能为157 kJ/mol,与陆上油田相近;油藏火驱前缘推进稳定,燃烧前缘最高温度773 K左右,出口CO₂浓度长期稳定在12%以上,高温氧化燃烧状态良好;火烧驱油效率95.1%,空气油比548 m³/t,驱油效果较好。研究成果为海上稠油油藏火烧油层开发提供技术支持。     

火烧油层干式燃烧数值模拟及参数敏感性分析

利用数值模拟技术对室内燃烧管干式燃烧实验进行了拟合，研究了燃烧管内干式燃烧的动态查化特征，并且进行了参数敏感性分析。以辽河油田欢127块为例，初步设计了该块25—33井组的注气速度。结果表明，网格尺寸的选取应与燃烧带尺寸相当；增加燃烧反应的频率因子、降低活化能、增大注气速度，会加快燃烧反应，增加产液量；油藏初始温度对火烧油层驱油效果影响较大，而油藏初始压力则影响较小。初步设计25—33井组的注气速度为70000m^3／d。     

火烧油层干式燃烧数值模拟及参数敏感性分析

利用数值模拟技术对室内燃烧管干式燃烧实验进行了拟合,研究了燃烧管内干式燃烧的动态变化特征,并且进行了参数敏感性分析。以辽河油田欢127块为例,初步设计了该块25-33井组的注气速度。结果表明,网格尺寸的选取应与燃烧带尺寸相当;增加燃烧反应的频率因子、降低活化能、增大注气速度,会加快燃烧反应,增加产液量;油藏初始温度对火烧油层驱油效果影响较大,而油藏初始压力则影响较小。初步设计25-33井组的注气速度为70 000 m3/d。     

含油饱和度对火驱开发影响的实验研究

在室内利用火烧油层物理模拟实验装置,开展了稠油油藏不同含油饱和度条件下燃烧基础参数测试和火驱开发效果评价实验研究。实验结果表明,同一油品条件下,含油饱和度对门槛温度、燃料消耗量和空气耗量等燃烧基础参数影响较小,但对火线推进速率有较大影响,火线前缘推进速率随含油饱和度增加而降低;实验条件下能够实现高温燃烧的最低含油饱和度界限值为15%,低于该含油饱和度无法形成持续稳定的火驱前缘。从驱油效率和空气油比指标评价了不同含油饱和度条件下火驱的驱油效果,综合分析认为火驱开发含油饱和度下限值为30%。     

乐安油田注汽后火烧油层开发参数敏感性研究

火烧油层开发效果的影响因素很多 ,但在油藏条件一定的情况下 ,可通过分析开发参数的敏感性并设计其合理值来提高火驱的经济效益。以乐安油田火烧试验区为例 ,在注蒸汽热采历史拟合及蒸汽驱预测的基础上 ,利用工程计算及数值模拟方法 ,研究了射孔层位、射开厚度、注气速度、燃烧方式、转湿烧时机、湿烧水气比等参数对火烧效果的影响 ,分析了火烧前缘推进速度 ,优选了开发参数。结果表明 ,底层射孔可减轻火线超覆 ,射开厚度大可提高地层吸气能力。由空气油比和采收率来确定分阶段变速率注气开采效果较好 ,最大注气速度为 80 0 0 0m3 /d。湿式燃烧能提高采收率 ,降低空气油比 ,其合理的转湿时机为燃烧距离达到 2 5 % ,水气比为 2 .0kg/m3 。预测结果与实际结果吻合较好 ,为火驱试验的现场实施提供了理论依据。     

乐安油田注汽后火烧油层开发参数敏感性研究

火烧油层开发效果的影响因素很多，但在油藏条件一定的情况下，可通过分折开发参数的敏感性并设计其合理值来提高火驱的经济效益。以乐安油田火烧试验区为例，在注蒸汽热采历史拟合及蒸汽驱预测的基础上，利用工程计算及数值模拟方法，研究了射孔层位、射开厚度、注气速度、燃烧方式、转湿烧时机、湿烧水气比等参数对火烧效果的影响，分析了火烧前线推进速度，优选了开发参数。结果表明，底层射孔可减轻火线超覆，射开厚度大可提高地层吸气能力。由空气油比和采收率来确定分阶段变速率注气开采效果较好，最大注气速度为80000m^3／d。湿式燃烧能提高采收率，降低空气油比，其合理的转湿时机为燃烧距离达到25％，水气比为2．0kg／m^3。预测结果与实际结果吻合较好，为火驱试验的现场实施提供了理论依据。     

强水敏稠油油藏CO2吞吐技术研究

郑408块为典型的强水敏稠油油藏,由于储层能量不足和水敏性强,采用天然能量开发、注防膨水开发和蒸汽吞吐开发效果较差。通过室内实验研究了CO2在郑408原油中的溶解作用,认识了CO2吞吐回采阶段渗流特征,基于数值模拟方法优化得到了郑408块CO2吞吐开发方案。研究表明,CO2溶于稠油后,可使稠油的体积大幅度膨胀,原油黏度将大大降低;CO2吞吐回采阶段,由于稠油黏度较高,CO2在原油中析出后以小气泡形式分散在原油中,形成"泡沫油"渗流状态,"泡沫油"可以提高稠油的流动能力,增加原油的弹性能量,降低地层压力下降速度;数值模拟结果表明,郑408块CO2吞吐周期注入量优化值为100 t,注气速度优化值为50 t/d。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

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Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

英文诗歌中的喻类修辞

为了有助于提高英文爱好者的个人情操、文化素养和学习兴趣,以及专业人员对英语学习和研究进行多途径的探索,本文通过一些精选诗歌的引证和分析,着重论述了喻类修辞法在英文诗歌中的运用其及效果。     

Man Is Unable to Change the Miserable Life——Analysis of the Arrangement of Four Characters in The Glass Menagerie

Tennessee Williams is considered as one of the most important American playwrights since World War II.The Glass Menagerie is his first successful drama,which describes a tragic situation of family and means to say that Man is unable to change the miserable life,no matter whatever means he try,This essay focuses on the analysis of the arrangement of the four main characters:Laura.Amanda,Jim and Tom to reveal the theme.Laura is fragile.Amanda is brave.Jim is vital.Tom is sensible.And all of them develop and try the different means to struggle against life,but fail tragically.With the evidence,the paper comes to conclusion naturally that Man is unable to change the miserable life,and he dooms to fail.     

Characterization of root-nodulating bacteria on Retama raetam in arid Tunisian soils

The aim of this study is to investigate the diversity of Retama raetam root-nodule bacteria isolated from arid regions of Tunisia. Twelve isolates, chosen as representative for different 16S rRNA gene patterns, were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phenotypic analysis. Isolates were assigned to Sinorhizobium, Rhizobium and Agrobacterium. Symbiotic properties of Sinorhizobium and Rhizobium isolates showed a large diversity in their capacity to infect their host plant and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Strain RK 22 identified as Rhizobium was the most effective isolate.     

An Affordable Accurate Evaluation of the Binding Conformations Predicted by Molecular Docking Studies in Bio-System

正Recently,docking has been widely used to predict the binding-modes of protein-inhibitors,when the crystal complexes structure was absent.Most docking algorithms are able to generate a large number of probable conformations,it,however,is difficult to effectively evaluate these docking poses and identify the most reasonable bindingmode.In the present study,on the basis of the crystallographic data of human 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme     

WIMAX与WI-FI技术分析及联合组网

介绍了WiMAX与Wi-Fi两种无线宽带接入技术,并对两者之间的关系及相互之间的影响做了对比及分析,并对WiMAX的关键技术进行了详细说明,最后对两者的联合组网方式做了简单的探讨。