线性扫描伏安法测定食盐中碘含量

以多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)修饰玻碳电极为工作电极,研究了碘离子在该修饰电极上的伏安分析特性,建立了测定食盐中碘含量的线性扫描伏安法。在优化实验条件下,氧化峰电流与碘离子浓度在1.0×10-6～1.0×10-3 mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为4.0×10-7 mol/L。对1.0×10-4 mol/L碘化钾溶液平行测定10次的RSD为3.2%。将该方法用于测定加碘食盐中的碘含量,结果满意。     

苏丹红Ⅰ在纳米WO3修饰电极上的伏安行为及测定

优化各实验参数,建立一种测定苏丹红Ⅰ含量的简捷、灵敏的电分析方法。用水热法制备纳米WO3,并用其修饰碳糊电极。利用循环伏安法、线性扫描伏安法和差分脉冲伏安法研究苏丹红Ⅰ在此修饰电极上的伏安行为,发现纳米WO3修饰电极能显著提高苏丹红Ⅰ的氧化峰电流。该方法的线性范围为1.5×10-7～2.0×10-5mol/L,开路富集2min后检出限为8.0×10-8mol/L。该方法用于辣椒制品及番茄酱等食品中苏丹红Ⅰ的测定,加标回收率在91.1%～102%之间,结果令人满意。     

色氨酸在Nafion-聚半胱氨酸修饰电极上的电化学行为及分析测定

采用滴涂和电聚合的方法构筑Nafion-聚半胱氨酸修饰的玻碳电极(Nafion/L-cys/GCE),采用循环伏安法(CV)研究色氨酸在此修饰电极上的电化学行为,利用线性扫描伏安法(LSV)对色氨酸进行定量分析。结果表明,该修饰电极对色氨酸电化学氧化具有明显催化作用。色氨酸浓度在0.4×10-6~40.0×10-6mol/L范围内与氧化峰电流有良好线性关系,回归方程为I_pa(μA)=0.6997c(10-6mol/L)+5.3(R2=0.9844),检测限为1.0×10-7 mol/L。该方法用于香蕉中色氨酸的检测,回收率为95%~98%。     

多壁碳纳米管/磷钨酸复合膜修饰电极差分脉冲伏安法测定苏丹红Ⅳ

制备了多壁碳纳米管/磷钨酸复合膜修饰电极,研究了该修饰电极对苏丹红Ⅳ的电催化作用,考察了富集电位、富集时间、脉冲宽度、脉冲振幅和支持电解质等因素对苏丹红Ⅳ响应的影响。在优化实验条件下,苏丹红Ⅳ浓度为1×10-6mol/L～4×10-5mol/L范围内,差分脉冲伏安峰电流与苏丹红Ⅳ的浓度呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数R=0.995,检出限为8×10-7mol/L。共存的多种离子、β-胡萝卜素等不干扰测定。     

聚缬氨酸修饰电极伏安法测定曲酸

利用循环伏安法制备了聚缬氨酸修饰电极。聚缬氨酸修饰电极对曲酸的电化学氧化具有明显的催化作用。研究了曲酸在聚缬氨酸修饰电极上的电化学行为,建立了测定曲酸的电化学分析新方法。研究了醋酸盐缓冲溶液pH值对曲酸电化学行为的影响。结果表明,曲酸氧化峰电位随pH值升高发生负移,在pH=5.4时,曲酸在修饰电极上呈现灵敏的氧化峰。曲酸在聚缬氨酸修饰电极上的氧化峰峰电流与其浓度在7.00×10-6⁶.50×10-4mol/L范围内呈良好线性关系;相关系数为0.998 3;检出限为8.50×10-7mol/L。其回归方程为:i pa(A)=0.048c+3.89×10-6。该修饰电极具有良好的灵敏度、选择性和稳定性,可用于食品中曲酸分析。     

聚吡咯修饰铂电极快速测定植物油中维生素E的研究

采用恒电位聚合的方法,在0.9V(vs.Ag/AgCl)电位下,修饰铂电极使其表面形成对苯磺酸掺杂聚吡咯薄膜.通过循环伏安法扫描发现,在0.696V处维生索E在该修饰电极表面形成一个明显的氧化峰.利用微分脉冲伏安技术作为检测方法,在最佳实验条件下,维生素E的氧化峰电流与其浓度在6×10-6～3×10-3 mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9963,最低检出限为2×10-6 mol/L(S/N=3).应用该电极可以简便、准确、快速测定植物油中维生素E含量.     

线性扫描伏安法测定腌菜中亚硝酸盐含量

构建了二氧化钛纳米管和纳米金复合修饰玻碳电极(TiNTs-AuNPs/GCE),研究了亚硝酸盐在该修饰电极上的伏安分析特性,据此建立了测定腌菜中亚硝酸盐含量的线性扫描伏安法。优化了分析介质以及修饰剂用量等测定条件。在优化实验条件下,亚硝酸盐的氧化峰电流与其浓度在3.0×10-7~2.0×10-4 mol/L区间内线性关系良好,检出限为1.0×10-7 mol/L(S/N=3)。运用该法测定了腌菜中的亚硝酸盐含量,平均回收率在96.8%~104.3%之间,结果令人满意。     

聚谷氨酸修饰电极测定食品中的麦芽酚

建立一种用聚谷氨酸修饰电极测定麦芽酚的新方法。制备了聚谷氨酸修饰电极,用循环伏安法研究了麦芽酚在聚谷氨酸修饰电极上的电化学行为。实验表明:聚谷氨酸修饰电极对麦芽酚的电化学氧化具有明显催化作用,与未修饰的玻碳电极相比,麦芽酚在聚谷氨酸修饰电极上的氧化峰电流明显增大;在p H8.0的磷酸氢二钠-柠檬酸缓冲溶液(sodium hydrogen phosphate-citric acid buffer solution,PBS)中,麦芽酚在聚谷氨酸修饰电极上呈现不可逆的氧化峰,氧化峰电流与麦芽酚浓度成正比,线性范围为2.40×10-6~6.61×10-4mol/L,检出限为8.0×10-7mol/L。用该种方法测定了面包、饮料、啤酒中的麦芽酚,回收率在98.8%~103.7%之间,结果满意。该方法灵敏、准确、实用,对食品中麦芽酚的测定具有实际意义和应用前景。     

聚结晶紫-石墨烯复合膜修饰电极测定食品中的辛硫磷

利用电化学方法把结晶紫聚合到石墨烯修饰电极上,制备了聚结晶紫-石墨烯修饰电极。研究了辛硫磷在此电极上的电化学行为,建立了测定辛硫磷残留的新方法。辛硫磷在聚结晶紫-石墨烯修饰电极上的还原峰电流与其浓度在8.0×10-8².0×10-5mol/L内呈良好线性关系,检出限为4.0×10-8mol/L。该方法用于实际样品分析。     

抗坏血酸在聚对苯二酚/铜复合膜修饰电极上电催化氧化行为的探究

利用电沉积法制备了聚对苯二酚/铜(PHQ/Cu)复合膜修饰电极,并采用循坏伏安法探究了抗坏血酸(AA)在该电极上的电催化氧化行为。结果表明,与裸电极、PHQ修饰电极相比,PHQ/Cu复合膜修饰电极对AA具有更好的催化作用,表明两种修饰剂对AA的电催化氧化有良好的协同催化作用;在0.1 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH=4.35)中,AA的氧化峰电流与其浓度在5×10-4~1.0×10-1 mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,线性方程为lgI=0.7364lgc+1.6932,R2=0.9959,检出限为2.0×10-5 mol/L。该复合膜修饰电极在冰箱内贮存9 h,其电化学信号基本保持不变,且共存物几乎不干扰AA的测定,表明电极具有良好的稳定性和较强的抗干扰能力,可以用于饮料中AA含量的测定,回收率在95.5%~109.1%之间。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.