顶空固相微萃取-气质联用分析酵子发酵面团挥发性风味物质

采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对发酵0、8、24 h的酵子面团的挥发性风味物质进行测定。结果显示:3种不同发酵时间的面团中共有109种挥发性物质,检出的物质包括醇类、酯类、烃类、醛类、酸类、酮类、芳香类和其他化合物,从0 h的面团中检测出43种挥发性风味成分,从发酵8 h的面团中检测出75种挥发性成分,从24 h的面团中检测出71种挥发性风味成分。其中醇类物质的含量最高,其次是酯类物质和其他类物质,在0~24 h的发酵过程中醇类物质的相对含量先升高后下降,酯类物质的数量和相对含量都随着发酵时间的延长而增加。醇类和酯类的种类和相对含量都较高,可能是面团发酵过程中风味的主要贡献物质。     

自然发酵柿果醋香气成分的GC/MS分析

采用顶空固相微萃取气相色谱质谱法对自然发酵的柿子原浆果醋中的香气成分进行了分析研究,共分离鉴定了63种化合物,它们分属于酸类、醇类、醛酮类、酯类、酚类、烃类以及少量其他化合物。采用面积归一法对所测的柿果醋的香气成分进行定量分析发现,鉴定的63种化合物量占总挥发性成分的97.99%,酸类占61.25%,醇类占10.91%,醛酮类占9.66%,酯类占8.70%、酚类占6.13%。其中主要酸类成分为以乙酸和异戊酸为主,醇类以β-苯乙醇、异戊醇、萜烯醇为主,醛酮类成分以3-羟基-2-丁酮为主,酯类以乙酸异戊酯为主,酚类以2,4-二叔丁基苯酚为主。这些物质的共同作用形成了自然发酵柿子原浆果醋独特的风味。     

红枣醋不同发酵阶段香气成分的变化

采用顶空固相微萃取结合气质联用法,研究了液态发酵枣醋在不同发酵阶段产物(初始枣汁、枣酒醪和枣醋)的香气成分。从三种产物中分别分离鉴定出56、56、54种香气成分,各占总香气成分的94.57%、97.37%、98.86%,主要是烃类、酸类、酯类、醇类、醛酮类以及少量其他化合物。三种产物香气成分的种类总数差别不大,但种类构成比例和相对含量差异较大。在酒精发酵阶段,烃类、酮类物质明显增加,酸类、醛类物质有所增加,酯类、醇类物质基本不变;在醋酸发酵阶段,烃类、醇类、酮类物质降低,酸类、酯类物质显著升高。枣醋的香气成分主要来源于酸类和酯类物质,少量的烃类、醇类、酮醛类等物质也是枣醋香气成分不可或缺的一部分,这些香气成分共同赋予枣醋特殊的风味和品质。     

发酵苹果醋挥发性成分的GC/MS分析

采用顶空固相微萃取气相色谱质谱法对鲜榨苹果汁发酵苹果醋产品的挥发性成分进行分析,共分离鉴定出33种化合物,各分属于酸类、醇类、醛酮类、酯类、酚类、烃类以及少量其他化合物,约占色谱流出组分总峰面积的98.42％,其中乙酸(33.59％)、苯乙醇(15.07％)、3-甲基丁酸(10.84％)、2-苯乙基乙酸酯(10.41％)、3-甲基-1-丁醇乙酸酯(5.24％)等物质相对含量较高,可作为该工艺发酵苹果醋的风味特征物质进一步研究.     

腐乳发酵过程挥发性风味成分的变化

采用固相微萃取法结合气相色谱-质谱法对腐乳发酵过程不同时期的挥发性风味成分进行分析,共鉴定出化合物110 种,包括酯类41 种、醛类19 种、酮类12 种、醇类12 种、酸类9 种、烃类9 种、其他类化合物8 种。不同发酵时期腐乳挥发性风味成分差异明显,随着发酵的进行,挥发性风味成分的种类逐渐增多。在前发酵过程中,豆腐白坯经毛霉发酵成毛坯,醛类相对含量显著降低,酯类、醇类相对含量以及种类逐渐增大;在后发酵过程中,随着后发酵时间的延长,醛类、酸类、酯类相对含量逐渐升高,烃类、醇类相对含量逐渐降低。其中正己醛、苯乙醛、壬醛、双戊烯、异戊醇、己酸乙酯、苯乙酸乙酯、戊酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、2-正戊基呋喃、烯丙基甲基二硫醚对腐乳风味的形成贡献较大。     

速溶豆粉、牛奶粉及羊奶粉挥发性成分的比较

对速溶豆粉、牛奶粉和羊奶粉的挥发性成分进行鉴定并比较,分析三者挥发性成分的差异。结果表明,速溶豆粉中共鉴定出42种挥发性物质,牛奶粉中共鉴定出48种挥发性物质,羊奶粉中共鉴定出47种挥发性物质,主要包括醇类、醛酮类、烃类、酸类、酯类和其他类等物质。三者中烃类、醛酮类和酯类物质的种类和含量均较高。速溶豆粉检出的醇类和酸类物质含量最高;牛奶粉中检出的烃类和酯类物质含量最高;羊奶粉中检测到的醛酮类和其他类物质含量最高。聚类分析和主成分分析结果表明,癸醛、(E,E)-3,5-辛二烯-2-酮、1-十二烯、正癸酸、丙位辛内酯、2-正戊基呋喃、2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚是速溶豆粉的关键挥发性物质;壬醛、δ-癸内酯、十二烷、丁位十二内酯、2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷、1-十三烯是牛奶粉的关键挥发性物质;1-戊醇、庚醛、2-庚酮、二甲基砜、3-辛烯-2-酮、壬醛、γ-十二内酯等挥发性物质是羊奶粉的关键挥发性物质。这些物质是导致速溶豆粉、牛奶粉和羊奶粉风味差异的主要物质。     

黑加仑果醋香气成分的GC/MS分析

采用固相微萃取法提取、富集黑加仑果醋中的香气成分,经GC-MS分离与分析,结合谱库检索技术对化合物进行鉴定,应用峰面积归一化法测定各成分的相对含量,共鉴定出89种香气成分。其中,匹配度在80以上有35种,其含量占挥发性成分的81.65%,包括酸类(3种)、酯类(7种)、酚类(3种)、醇类(4种)、烃类(13种)、醛酮类(4种)和醌类(1种)化合物,酸类(33.38%)的相对含量最高,其次是酯类(26.44%)、酚类(8.69%)、醇类(4.91%)、烃类(4.61%)、醛酮类(3.28%)、醌类(0.34%),这些物质的共同作用形成了黑加仑果醋独特的风味。     

发酵牦牛肉成熟过程中挥发性香气成分的变化

为探讨发酵牦牛肉挥发性香气成分在成熟过程中的变化规律,本文采用固相微萃取法(SPME)对各取样点样品中挥发性物质进行提取,利用气相-嗅闻-质谱联用法对其中的挥发性成分进行定性和定量分析。总计有84种挥发性成分被鉴定,其中,经嗅闻鉴定的香气活性化合物有48种,包括烃类(12)、醇类(8)、酮类(7)、醛类(3)、酸类(3)、含硫化合物(2)、酯类(4)、含氮类化合物(7)和酚类(2)。在成熟过程中,烃类和酮类含量整体呈现波动变化。醛类和酯类含量在成熟前期增加,而后又降低。酸类和吡嗪类形成于成熟过程,含量逐渐增加。烃类是成品发酵牦牛肉风味组成中含量最高的,其次是醇类、酮类及吡嗪类化合物。香辛料的添加、氨基酸的降解及微生物的代谢对发酵牦牛肉的香气形成具有重要作用。     

玉米窝头挥发性成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取―气质联用法(HS–SPME–GC–MS)分析玉米窝头的主要挥发性成分组成。检出的挥发性成分主要包括烃类、醛类、醇类、酮类、酸类、酯类和少量其他类物质。在检出的挥发性成分中壬醛、2,4–壬二烯醛、癸醛、香叶基丙酮和2–戊基呋喃相对含量较高,可能是玉米窝头风味的主要贡献物质。     

玉米储藏过程中挥发性成分变化研究

为了研究玉米储藏期间气味变化情况,采用优化的顶空固相微萃取-气质联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析玉米在常温(25℃)密闭储藏过程中的主要挥发性成分组成。检出的物质主要包括烃类、醛类、酯类、醇类、酮类、酸类和少量杂类物质。结果表明,在储藏过程中烃类物质总相对含量在储藏末期比储藏初期有所增加。酸类物质相对含量呈缓慢上升但含量较低。酮类物质相对含量较低且呈逐渐降低趋势。醇类挥发性成分在储藏120 d前呈现增加趋势,在120 d后有所降低。醛类和酯类物质相对含量呈现先升高后降低,二者相对含量较高,储藏180 d后的相对含量接近于0 d,是玉米风味的主要贡献物质。而烃类和醇类风味阈值较高,不是玉米储藏期间风味的主要贡献物质。25℃下密闭储藏180 d后的玉米其气味与储藏0 d的玉米相比,并未发生人嗅觉可感知的明显异味变化。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the