不同鸡肉蛋白肽在Maillard反应中的降解趋势研究

研究了鸡肉蛋白酶解3、6、9、12h产物中不同鸡肉蛋白肽(分子量<10000Da)与葡萄糖Maillard反应中肽降解的趋势。结果表明,不同鸡肉蛋白肽中相同分子量范围的肽段在Maillard反应中的降解趋势相同;而随着酶解程度的加大,鸡肉蛋白肽中各肽段的反应活性增加,12h酶解产物中的鸡肉蛋白肽各肽段均具有最高的反应活性。     

Alcalase降解水不溶性鸡肉蛋白规律及其产物清除DPPH活性研究

研究了Alcalase降解水不溶性鸡肉蛋白的规律及其产物清除DPPH自由基活性。结果表明,随酶解时间延长,可溶性蛋白质、氨基酸含量不断增加,而肽含量则在水解前8h达到最大,随后不断降低;肽的分子量分布趋势总体表现为大分子量的肽逐渐减少,小分子量肽的含量逐渐增多,肽分子量分布图中肽峰值不断向后推移;Alcalase对分子量在3000～15000Da间的肽段降解能力较弱,水解24h后,这部分肽占总肽量的比值仍为89.93%。水不溶性鸡肉蛋白Alcalase酶解产物有明显的清除DPPH活性,其清除DPPH活性在酶解4h时达到最大,随后不断下降;对于同一酶解时间的产物,浓度越大,其清除DPPH活性越强,但其清除DPPH能力并不与酶解液浓度成倍数关系。     

胰酶水解猪皮胶原蛋白及其产物氨基酸分析

采用胰酶水解猪皮胶原蛋白,研究其降解规律及酶解产物氨基酸组成.研究表明:95℃热处理猪皮胶原蛋白10 min能显著提高酶解速率;整个酶解过程中,可溶性氮、氨肽氮含量呈增加趋势,但3 h后增势变缓,而肤含量在3 h后达到最大值;大部分不溶性蛋白在酶解6h后已经变成可溶性多肽和氨基酸;从酶解产物氨基酸组成可表明,采用胰酶水解猪皮胶原蛋白能显著提高其营养价值.     

琥珀酸脱酰胺对小麦面筋蛋白酶解特性的影响

研究琥珀酸不同脱酰胺程度对小麦面筋蛋白Pancreatin酶解过程中蛋白回收率、水解度、总酸、总糖的影响,并对酶解48h酶解液的肽分子量分布、氨基酸及风味进行分析评价.结果表明:蛋白回收率、水解度、总酸在酶解过程中逐渐上升,总糖含量在酶解12h后下降,脱酰胺后酶解产物的蛋白回收率和水解度增大,而高脱酰胺程度下又略有降低;琥珀酸脱酰胺后酶解产物分子量大于10000Da的肽段减少,3000～5000Da的肽段增加;琥珀酸脱酰胺使酶解产物风味明显提高,其中琥珀酸高脱酰胺程度预处理的酶解液苦味最低,且具有较强的鲜味和成味;氨基酸分析表明,琥珀酸高脱酰胺预处理使酶解液游离氨基酸中鲜甜味氨基酸比例增大,苦味氨基酸比例降低,同时必需氨基酸含量升高.     

正交试验优化长吻鮠肉蛋白酶解工艺

以脱脂长吻鮠肉蛋白为原料,利用碱性蛋白酶酶解制备水解鱼肉蛋白。通过单因素试验和正交试验优化确定酶解的工艺参数,并考察酶解产物的氨基酸组成和分子量分布特征。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶对长吻鮠肉蛋白酶解最佳工艺参数为加酶量2.0%、温度60℃、pH 8.0、酶解时间4 h,在此条件下,水解度可达27.14%。长吻鮠肉蛋白酶解产物中谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸、赖氨酸和亮氨酸含量相对较高,其中必需氨基酸约占33.44%,酶解产物分子量分布范围主要集中在500~5 000 Da,占总酶解产物的78.3%。     

鸡肉蛋白酶解条件及产物降解规律

采用木瓜蛋白酶水解鸡肉蛋白,通过单因素实验和正交实验确定水解鸡肉蛋白的最适条件,并在此水解条件下酶解24 h,研究水解过程中酶解液中游离氨基酸含量和肽分子质量分布的变化规律。结果表明,最佳的酶解条件为:温度45℃,pH6.5,酶用量6.0%,固液比1∶2,水解时间6 h;酶解产物中游离氨基酸种类齐全且含量较高,水解过程中,游离氨基酸总量变化呈增长的趋势,16 h后变化不大;酶解液的肽分子质量都集中在3 000Da以下,酶解过程中大分子质量肽不断减少,小分子质量肽不断增加;酶解24 h后,分子质量小于1 000 Da的小分子肽和氨基酸含量可达97.19%。     

鸡肉抗疲劳蛋白肽粉的制备研究

研究了鸡肉酶解产物的抗疲劳活性.通过比较木瓜蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶、复合蛋白酶、砌胜蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶对鸡肉蛋白的酶解效果,酶解过程和成本,可知选用木瓜蛋白酶在温度为55℃,加酶量为4‰(以鸡肉质量百分数计算),固液比为1:2,pH值为7.0,酶解时间为3 h时进行酶解最为合理,其水解度为15.324%.将酶解液过滤、去油、浓缩、喷雾干燥制备出鸡肉蛋白肽粉,并送去检验部门进行检验,同时做动物实验检验蛋白肽粉的抗疲劳效果.动物实验过程是:将昆明种雄性小白鼠分为低、中、高的鸡肉蛋白肽粉(1.67,3.33,10.00g/kg BW)三个剂量组灌胃30d,测定小鼠负重游泳时间、尿素氮含量、血乳酸含量和肝糖原含量.结果表明,灌胃高剂量鸡肉蛋白肽粉小鼠的负重游泳时间延长,同时高剂量组肝糖原含量明显高于对照组(P<0.05),对小鼠运动后血清尿素氮含量与对照组比较没有统计学意义(P>0.05);而中、高剂量小鼠运动后血乳酸含量明显比对照组有明显降低(P<0.01).可见鸡肉蛋白肽粉有缓解体力疲劳功能.     

复合酶法制备鸡肉蛋白抗氧化肽模型研究

以酶解产物对O2-·的清除率为指标,分析中性蛋白酶和未瓜蛋白酶的协同作用,确定制备鸡肉蛋白抗氧化肽的最佳复合酶解工艺,并对复合酶解过程进行酶促动力学特性研究.结果表明:复合酶解制备抗氧化肽最佳工艺为两酶混合同时加入,pH6.7,温度57℃,底物浓度6.9%,时间5h,酶用量为中性蛋白酶4943u/g、木瓜蛋白酶5988u/g,该条件下鸡肉蛋白抗氧化肽对O2-·的清除率为57.50%,显著高于各单酶水解效果.在此基础上由实验数据推导出描述复合酶制备鸡肉蛋白抗氧化肽水解过程的动力学方程,为鸡肉蛋白开发抗氧化肽提供理论依据.     

不同酶水解马氏珍珠贝蛋白的特性研究

本研究采用Alcalase2.4L、Protamex、Papain、PTN6.0S、Flavorzyme500MG、Neutrase和内源酶水解马氏珍珠贝肉蛋白,探讨了各种酶的酶解特性、产物的氨基酸组成及肽相对分子质量分布规律和呈味特征的差异.结果表明,PTN6.0S酶解产物的蛋白质利用率、肽得率和水解度均较高,而内源酶均最低.各酶解产物中,谷氨酸,精氨酸和天冬氨酸的含量均较高.同一氨基酸在不同酶解产物中回收率存在较大差异,色氨酸、苏氨酸、脯氨酸和天冬氨酸在马氏-爹珠贝蛋白酶解产物中主要以多肽的形式存在,各酶解产物中氨基酸的回收率和释放率较高的氨基酸与各酶的主要作用位点有很好的对应关系;各种酶均能不同程度地降解马氏珍珠贝肉蛋白和相对分子质量大于5000Da的肽断.各酶水解产物肽相对分子质量分布差异主要体现在3000以下.在各酶解产物中,Papain酶解产物风味最佳,鲜味最高,苦味和腥味最低.     

鸡肉蛋白酶解工艺及水解产物成分研究

为了研究鸡肉蛋白的酶解工艺条件,采用复合酶解的方法,研究了酶种类及酶解工艺条件对水解度的影响。结果显示鸡肉蛋白的最佳水解条件:pH为7.0,料液比为1:2,酶解温度为58℃,复合蛋白酶(添加量0.33%)酶解2 h后,不灭酶,加入风味蛋白酶(添加量0.67%)再酶解2 h;并在此酶解条件下,研究测定了鸡肉蛋白酶解液中游离氨基酸成分和含量,以及酶解液中肽分子量分布的情况。酶解液中游离氨基酸种类齐全且含量丰富;酶解液的肽相对分子质量都集中在1000u以下,酶解过程中多肽不断减少,寡肽不断增加;酶解3.5 h后,相对分子质量小于1000 u的小分子肽和氨基酸含量可达99.85%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.