软枣猕猴桃酒精发酵饮料的研制

以软枣猕猴桃和啤酒花为主要原料,经发酵研制低度酒精发酵饮料。主要研究了软枣猕猴桃酒精发酵饮料的配方和工艺。通过L9（3^4）正交试验确定了该饮料的最佳配方为：软枣汁15％、啤酒花0．8％、白砂糖12％、柠檬酸0．10％;最佳发酵工艺条件为：酵母菌接种量0．10％、发酵温度20℃、发酵时间12h。     

香蕉奶饮料生产工艺研究

本研究以香蕉和牛奶为原料,探讨香蕉奶饮料的加工工艺,重点对最崔配方及杀菌工艺进行了研究。结果表明：香蕉奶饮料最佳配方为：香蕉浆20％、奶粉4％、蔗糖10％、耐酸羧甲基纤维素钠0．2％;最佳杀菌工艺条件为：121℃杀菌10min。     

枸杞菊花胡萝卜复合饮料的研制

研究了以枸杞、菊花、胡萝卜为原料生产复合保健饮料的工艺。通过对原料浸提条件及饮料配方的优选试验，筛选出枸杞汁、菊花汁、胡萝卜汁的浸提条件分别为：料水比1：15、1：30、1：1．5；浸出时间3．5h、30min、80min；浸提温度70℃、90℃、55℃。饮料的最佳配方为：枸杞汁6．0％、菊花汁7．7％、胡萝卜汁10．3％、乙基麦芽酚0．015％、柠檬酸0．1％、白砂糖6％、黄原胶0．1％。开发出一种营养丰富、酸甜适口，具有枸杞、菊花香味、稳定性较好、对视力具有保健作用的新型饮料。     

三叶草功能性饮料制备工艺研究

目的：以三叶草浸提液为主要原料,在配方优化的基础上,研制具有抗氧化及改善睡眠等保健功效的功能性饮料。方法：以《保健食品检验与评价技术规范实施手册》为依据,通过调配确定最佳制备工艺,并获得相关参数。结果：优化后的主要参数为：三叶草粉末经40％乙醇70℃浸提2次,100℃灭菌15min。试验原料和辅料对该饮料的感官指标均有较大影响,最佳配方如下：200mL饮料中含三叶草浸提液10．0mL、白砂糖12．0g、50％柠檬酸0．4mL、山梨酸钾0．03g、维生素C100mg。结论：该饮料呈色泽鲜明的黄绿色,有浓郁的三叶草清香、口感清爽,是一款有开发前景的功能性饮料。     

含酒精型玉米发泡饮料的工艺研究

对以玉米为主要原料，以啤酒酵母为菌种，发酵酿制低酒精度的发泡饮料进行了研究。通过试验确定了蒸煮最佳工艺条件，时间为50min，打浆加水比为1：4，菌种的用量为10％；液化温度70℃、25min、pH5．5、α-淀粉酶用量0．25％：糖化温度61℃、1h、pH4．5、糖化酶用量0．5％：发酵温度15℃、48h、pH6．5、啤油酵母用量10％。酿制的产品具有千米特有的香味和营养价值。     

裸燕麦蛋糕配方及加工工艺研究

通过正交试验筛选了裸燕麦蛋糕的最佳配方和工艺。裸燕麦蛋糕的最佳配方为：裸燕麦粉10．2％、糖18％、水18％，泡打粉0．9％，低筋粉15．4％。鸡蛋32％，盐0．5％，食用油5．0％。最佳工艺为：打蛋时间13rain、焙烤温度180℃，焙烤时间20min。     

葛仙米饮料的研制

本文以葛仙米为原料，主要研究了葛仙米饮料的加工工艺，采用正交实验设计得出葛仙米饮料莳最佳配方为：生产50kg葛仙米饮料的最佳配方为：葛仙米原液的添加量为20％，白砂糖10％，柠檬酸0．15％，复合稳定剂(果胶0．15％ CMC-Na0．2％)，其他用软化水补充。生产的饮料呈绿色，清澈透明。     

澄清杏汁饮料生产工艺

对澄清杏汁饮料的护色、澄清和配方等工艺做了重点讨论。结果表明：护色用1．5％抗坏血酸、0．25％柠檬酸和0．2％氯化锌能得到良好的效果；澄清的最佳工艺为pH4、酶0．001％、时间40min、温度45℃；产品的配方为杏汁40％、糖10％、柠檬酸0．40％。     

绿豆菠萝复合饮料工艺的研究

通过对绿豆菠萝复合饮料加工工艺的研究,得出浸泡绿豆的最佳工艺参数为0.25％碳酸氢钠溶液以1：4料液比在20℃下浸泡10h;脱腥的最佳工艺参数为100℃沸水煮制3min;风味调配的最佳配方为1000ml绿豆乳、150ml菠萝原汁100g白砂糖、0．4g柠檬酸。     

乳酸发酵型红枣饮料工艺的研究

研究了用红枣进行乳酸发酵，确定了发酵红枣饮料的最佳工艺条件为：预煮和蒸煮料水质量比1：5，预煮10min去苦，蒸煮10min；纯枣浆发酵条件的筛选：乳糖加入量为2％，蔗糖加入量10％，接种量为7％，培养温度41℃，pH值为3．70；稳定剂最佳配比为：黄原胶0．09％，海藻酸钠0.06％，琼脂0．15％；红枣乳酸饮料在压力为25～40MPa，温度为60～70℃下均质处理后，产品组织均匀，口感细腻柔和，稳定性良好。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.