风干香肠中乳酸菌的分离鉴定及益生特性研究

由风干香肠中分离纯化得到的3株乳酸菌ORC2、QM7和QM8,均能产乳酸、革兰氏染色阳性、接触酶阴性。经系统发育分析,结合菌落形态、细胞形态、生化反应试验,确定菌株ORC2和QM7为肠膜明串珠菌,QM8为柠檬明串珠菌。乳酸菌ORC2、QM7和QM8均能降低培养基中的胆固醇,且对·OH、DPPH·和O-2·有一定的清除能力,其清除率都与细胞浓度呈正相关。在细胞浓度为5×108CFU/mL时,菌株ORC2对·OH的清除率最高,为65.36%;菌株QM8对DPPH·的清除率最高,为61.21%;而对O-2·的清除率最高的菌株为QM7,达到75.70%。菌株QM7在培养96 h能清除最多的胆固醇,清除率为51.2%。     

鹑鸡肠球菌m661的抗氧化、降胆固醇作用

经厌氧培养,从猪胃液中分离得到1株生长良好的肠球菌m661,菌株能产乳酸、革兰氏染色阳性、接触酶阴性。经系统发育分析,结合菌落形态、细胞形态、生化反应实验,确定菌株m661为鹑鸡肠球菌。鹑鸡肠球菌m661具有抗氧化活性,对羟自由基(?OH)、DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基(O2－?)的清除率与细胞浓度呈正相关。在细胞浓度为5×108CFU/mL时,菌株m661对?OH、DPPH自由基和O2－?的清除率分别为1.58%、36.6%和57.1%。菌株m661还具有清除培养基中34.4%的胆固醇、产生89.9mg/L苯乳酸等益生特性。菌株m661可作为益生菌进行开发利用。     

牛乳中肠膜明串珠菌AR66的降胆固醇抗氧化特性

使用MRS培养基,从新鲜牛乳中分离得到1株生长良好的乳酸菌(AR66),经菌落形态、细胞形态、生化反应实验,发现菌株能产乳酸、革兰氏染色阳性、接触酶阴性。经系统发育分析,确定菌株AR66为肠膜明串珠菌。肠膜明串珠菌AR66具有抗氧化活性,对羟自由基、DPPH和超氧阴离子的清除率与细胞浓度呈正相关。在细胞浓度为5×108CFU/m L时,未破碎细胞对羟自由基、超氧阴离子的清除率高于已破碎细胞的清除率,分别是49.76%和83.33%;已破碎细胞对DPPH自由基的清除率高于未破碎细胞的清除率,为77.09%。菌株AR66还具有清除培养基中44.73%的胆固醇。菌株AR66对我国未来益生菌功能食品的开发具有重要价值。     

猪源乳酸菌的抗氧化活性

通过简单厌氧培养方法,共从猪消化道中分离得到10株生长良好的乳酸菌。经菌落形态、细胞形态、生化反应实验、16S rDNA测序, 最终确定5株为植物乳杆菌,4株为粪肠球菌,1株为鹑鸡肠球菌。除了粪肠球菌M462和M15对 ·OH几乎没有清除能力,10株乳酸菌均具有抗氧化活性。多数乳酸菌对 ·OH、DPPH自由基和O2－ ·的清除率和细胞浓度呈正相关。在细胞浓度为5×108CFU/mL时,10株乳酸菌对 ·OH、DPPH自由基和O2－ ·的最高清除率分别为12.2%、80.6%和79.3%。5株植物乳杆菌对DPPH的清除率都大于60%,好于粪肠球菌;而粪肠球菌对O2－ ·的清除率好于植物乳杆菌,4株粪肠球菌对O2－ ·的清除率都大于60%;植物乳杆菌R17、R53和R762对反应体系中的 ·OH清除率大于5%,其中R17的清除率最高。     

金莲花黄色素抗氧化与抑菌活性的研究

研究金莲花黄色素的抗氧化与抑菌活性,为其综合利用提供科学依据。实验以清除DPPH·法和·OH法评价金莲花黄色素抗氧化活性,以滤纸片法测定其抑菌活性。抗氧化实验结果显示,金莲花黄色素对DPPH·和·OH的清除率与其质量浓度呈明显的量效关系,其对DPPH·和·OH的半清除率IC_(50)分别为18.04μg/m L和21.35μg/m L;常用抗氧化剂BHT对DPPH·和·OH的半清除率IC_(50)分别为30.18μg/m L和27.96μg/m L。抑菌实验结果显示,当金莲花黄色素质量浓度为0.2 mg/m L时,对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径分别可达14.4mm、12.3mm和9.5mm。结果表明,金莲花黄色素具有较强的抗氧化活性和一定的抑菌活性。金莲花黄色素是一种天然抗氧化剂的新资源。     

藤椒油体外抗氧化活性研究

以冷榨藤椒油和溶剂萃取的藤椒油为原料,采用体外抗氧化实验研究其抗氧化能力。以BHT和VC为阳性对照,通过测定两种藤椒油还原力、对·OH、DPPH·、O-2·清除率,探讨藤椒油的抗氧化能力。结果表明,冷榨油和溶剂油的还原能力随其质量浓度的增加而增强,对·OH、DPPH·、O-2·清除率随质量浓度的增加而增大;溶剂油对·OH、DPPH·的清除率高于同质量浓度的冷榨油;冷榨油对·OH、DPPH·、O-2·的IC50值分别为4.0675、10.3052和0.5415mg/m L;溶剂油对·OH、DPPH·、O-2·的IC50值分别为1.9606、2.9465和1.6053mg/m L。当溶剂油质量浓度达到9mg/m L时,对·OH清除率达到89.79%,其清除效果高于1mg/m L VC对·OH(清除率71.82%)清除效果;当溶剂油质量浓度达到11mg/m L时,对DPPH·清除率达到86.87%,远高于1mg/m L BHT清除率(44.51%)。     

山杏仁种皮多酚的闪式提取工艺优化及体外抗氧化活性研究

利用闪式提取法对山杏仁种皮中多酚的提取工艺进行优化,并通过DPPH法、邻苯三酚法、水杨酸法以及还原能力实验,研究了其体外抗氧化能力。得到最佳工艺条件为:料液比1∶20(g/m L)、乙醇体积分数30%、闪提时间120s,多酚得率为9.650mg/g。结果表明:当多酚提取物浓度为0.4mg/m L时,对DPPH·的清除率为92.9%;浓度为3.0mg/m L时,对O2-·清除率为93.1%;浓度为2.0mg/m L时,对OH·的清除率为98.1%;浓度为1.0mg/m L时,还原力为1.411。     

苹果幼果中酚类物质抗氧化活性研究

为研究苹果幼果多酚抗氧化活性强弱,实验采用四种体外抗氧化评价体系:亚铁还原能力(ferric reducing ability of plasma,FRAP),DPPH法,邻苯三酚自氧化体系及邻二氮菲-Fe3+-H2O2法初步研究其抗氧化活性。结果表明,苹果幼果多酚具有较强的总还原能力,幼果多酚浓度为90μg/m L时,其对DPPH·、O-2·及·OH的最大清除率分别可达96.96%、70.61%和82.20%,且不同浓度幼果多酚与相应浓度阳性对照间差异显著(p0.05)。相关性分析表明,幼果多酚与Fe SO4当量浓度、DPPH·清除率、O-2·清除率及·OH清除率之间均存在明显的量效关系。苹果幼果多酚是一种优良的天然抗氧化剂和自由基清除剂。     

女贞子酒抗氧化活性及相关成分浸出率测定

采用DPPH法、水杨酸法和邻苯三酚自氧化法研究了不同酒精度女贞子酒提取物对DPPH·、羟自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)的清除作用,采用铝盐法及HPLC测定女贞子酒中总黄酮及木犀草素和槲皮素的浸出率。结果显示,女贞子酒提取物对DPPH·、·OH和O2-·的清除率随女贞子酒中乙醇含量的升高而增强,最高清除率的为40%乙醇含量的女贞子酒提取物,对DPPH·、·OH和O2-·的EC50值分别为12.75、62.86和15.93 mg/m L。并且女贞子酒中总黄酮、木犀草素和芹菜素的浸出率亦随着女贞子酒乙醇含量的升高而升高,结果显示,40%乙醇含量的女贞子酒中总黄酮、木犀草素和芹菜素的浸出率分别为21.96 mg/g、40.07μg/g和28.99μg/g。     

油松花粉多酚抗氧化性研究

通过超声波辅助乙醇浸提法提取油松花粉多酚,采用AB-8大孔吸附树脂分离纯化油松花粉多酚,以V_C为阳性对照,分别采用Fe~(3+)-还原法、DPPH·清除法、水杨酸比色法和邻苯三酚自氧化法来研究油松花粉多酚的还原能力及其对DPPH·、·OH、O_2~-·的清除作用,实验结果显示,当浓度均为6μg/m L时,油松花粉多酚对DPPH·清除率比V_C高出16.33%,显著高于V_C(p0.05);当浓度均为8μg/m L时,油松花粉多酚对·OH清除率比V_C高出32.03%,显著高于V_C(p0.05);当浓度均为6μg/m L时,油松花粉多酚对O_2~-·清除率比V_C高出10.53%,高于V_C但不显著;当浓度均为10μg/m L时,油松花粉多酚在700 nm处的吸光度为0.712,显著高于V_C(A_(700 nm)=0.353667,p0.05),说明油松花粉多酚还原力强于V_C。实验数据表明油松花粉多酚具有较强的还原能力和清除氧自由基的作用,且其还原能力及清除率均高于V_C。结果表明油松花粉多酚具有显著的抗氧化活性。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.