适合糖尿病患者食用的高粱馒头配方的研究

研究高粱馒头的工艺及品质,并通过正交试验对工艺进行了优化。结果表明:45.74%高粱粉、45.74%小麦粉、6.52%谷朊粉和57.5%水在35min的二次醒发时间下醒发,可以得到品质良好的高粱馒头,在这种配比下得到的馒头感官评分为86.28。经测定,该高粱馒头的血糖生成指数(GI)为57.07,属中GI值水平,适合糖尿病患者在日常饮食中食用。     

基于模糊数学感官评价的杂粮馒头配方优化及低GI验证

为开发一款品质良好、低血糖生成指数（glycemic index,GI）的杂粮馒头,本文以杂粮馒头的外观、质地、适口性、滋味为评价指标,建立模糊数学感官评价方法,通过正交试验,确定青稞粉、黄豆粉及鹰嘴豆粉的最佳配比。最后对杂粮馒头进行血糖生成指数人体测试评估。结果表明,杂粮馒头原料最佳配制比为:69.7%高筋小麦粉、2%马铃薯粉、3%苦荞粉、5%青稞粉、10%黄豆粉、8%鹰嘴豆粉、1.5%桑叶提取物、0.8%水苏糖,此条件下感官评价得分为82.3,GI值为50.48,表明所研发的产品是一款GI值较低,适合控糖人群以及糖尿病等慢性病患者食用的杂粮馒头。     

响应面法优化糖尿病肾病患者专用山药馒头配方

在单因素实验的基础上,选取合适的因素及水平,利用响应面法对低蛋白、中升糖指数山药馒头配方进行优化以改善馒头口感和质构。经过响应面优化之后的最佳工艺参数:山药粉与小麦粉的比例为19:21 (g/g),酵母量为0.8%,水分添加量60%,第二次发酵时间15 min,此配方感官评分为91.87分,硬度为4216.67 g,咀嚼度为3334.45 g。经测定,该山药馒头蛋白质含量为4.64%,血糖生成指数为60.37,属于低蛋白中升糖指数水平,适合糖尿病患者在日常饮食中食用。     

高粱山药冷冻面团馒头的研制

基于先前已研究的糖尿病适用的低升糖指数馒头,研究了高粱山药冷冻面团馒头的相关工艺。在高粱山药的配方确定的前提下,为了方便食用及保藏,对高粱山药冷冻馒头面团的制作方法和制作工艺进行了研究。通过探求冷冻面团馒头制作方法、解冻方式以及醒发时间,根据单因素和响应面分析对高粱山药冷冻馒头面团的解冻时间和醒发时间进行优化,得到高粱山药冷冻馒头面团的最佳工艺为冷冻面团法冷冻,解冻时间为96s,醒发时间为45 min,得到最佳低GI冷冻面团馒头工艺,此时感官评分为78.15分,比容为1.68 ml/g,硬度为4 353.16g。     

挤压处理对高粱粉及其馒头品质的影响

研究挤压处理对高粱粉及高粱小麦混合粉馒头品质的影响。首先,采用双螺杆挤压机处理高粱粉,以挤压高粱粉的糊化度及高粱小麦混粉馒头的感官品质为指标,对挤压前高粱粉含水量、挤压温度和螺杆转速3个因素进行单因素及正交试验分析,确定适宜的高粱粉挤压处理条件为:挤压前高粱粉含水量21%,挤压温度150℃,螺杆转速110 r/min。然后将最优挤压条件得到的高粱粉按不同的比例与小麦粉混合加工馒头,测定混合粉馒头品质(比容、硬度、弹性、感官评分等),与普通高粱粉小麦粉混合粉馒头品质进行比较。结果表明:添加挤压高粱粉制得的混粉馒头较添加普通高粱粉制得的混粉馒头品质要好。     

适合糖尿病患者食用的高粱馒头改良剂的研究

为了改善高粱馒头的品质,以α-淀粉酶、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)、黄原胶和酵母4种品质改良剂为研究对象,研究高粱馒头品质改良剂的配方以提高高粱馒头的品质。正交试验结果表明:以高粱粉和小麦粉为原料,高粱馒头品质改良剂的最佳配方为α-淀粉酶30 mg/kg,CMC-Na0.08%,黄原胶0.3%,酵母0.6%。验证试验表明,高粱馒头品质改良剂可显著增加高粱馒头水分含量,降低馒头硬度和咀嚼度,提高馒头的弹性,在此条件下高粱馒头感官评分为85.43,与理论预测值吻合,其感官评分显著高于未添加品质改良剂的高粱馒头,说明添加该品质改良剂效果显著。     

鹰嘴豆、山药、魔芋精粉复配面条对血糖生成指数的影响

传统面条血糖生成指数（glycemic index,GI）较高,不适合糖尿病、肥胖等慢性病患者食用。该研究从降低面条GI入手制备面条,在面条基础配方的基础上,用鹰嘴豆、山药、魔芋精粉代替部分小麦粉制备面条,采用体外试验测定面条的预测血糖生成指数（estimate glycemic index,eGI）,以成品断条率、烹调损失率、感官评价和e GI值作为考察指标。结果表明：固定混合粉（小麦粉+鹰嘴豆粉+山药粉+魔芋精粉）用量100 g,用25 g鹰嘴豆粉、15 g山药粉、8 g的魔芋精粉,30 m L芹菜汁代替30 mL水制作面条,其感官评分和基本特性指标均满足面条的行业标准要求,面条的eGI值降低至54.46。     

复配杂粮馒头营养分析及稳定人体血糖效果研究

以小麦粉、黄豆粉、糙小米粉、杏仁粉、玉米粉、燕麦粉和谷朊粉为原料,制备一种营养相对均衡复配杂粮馒头。通过对其营养分析和餐后人体血糖值测定,结果表明：复配杂粮馒头营养均衡指数0.47,营养均衡性优于小麦馒头（INB=0.72）,与血糖密切相关的碳水化合物和淀粉含量较低;与葡萄糖和小麦馒头比较,进食复配杂粮馒头后血糖升高速率和降低速率均较缓慢,餐后血糖峰值为（6.40±1.11）mmol/L,低于葡萄糖（8.25±0.98 mmol/L）和小麦馒头（7.41±0.74 mmol/L）;复配杂粮馒头GI=45.89,GL=14.49,属于低GI、中GL食物,小麦馒头GI=80.02,GL= 35.15,属于高GI、高GL食物。通过多种全谷物杂粮、豆等原料复配后制备的复配杂粮馒头,比单一的小麦粉馒头营养相对均衡,而且具有较低GI和GL值,有助于保持餐后血糖的稳定。     

食用菌馒头粉的配方设计及其品质改良

本文研究营养均衡的高品质食用菌馒头粉的配方,参照FAO/WHO规定氨基酸组成标准模式,采用氨基酸评分法计算食用菌粉和小麦粉的氨基酸组成,利用Excel线性规划求解出食用菌馒头粉的最优配方,并探讨改良剂对食用菌馒头质构特性、感官特性和面团微观结构的影响,设计响应面试验优化复合改良剂的配方。研究表明:小麦粉的氨基酸评分为33.45,食用菌馒头粉的最优配方为:小麦粉60.59%,袖珍菇粉23.07%,海鲜菇粉5.28%,双孢菇粉11.06%。在此基础上对食用菌馒头改良,设计Box-Behnken响应面试验优化改良剂的最佳配方为:谷朊粉添加量10.18%,单甘酯添加量0.50%,真菌α-淀粉酶添加量35.85 mg/kg,木聚糖酶添加量51.43 mg/kg,在此条件下,食用菌馒头感官评分的最大值为86.37,以此配方蒸制出的食用菌馒头品质较好,营养价值较高。     

热处理高粱粉对高粱小麦混粉品质影响研究

为了探讨热处理高粱粉对高粱小麦混粉品质的影响,该文以高粱粉和小麦粉为原料,高粱粉通过不同的热处理方式添加到小麦粉中制成混粉,分别测定混粉的各种指标变化并得出热处理的最佳温度及时间,并在最佳条件下,比较添加热处理高粱粉的混粉品质与添加未处理高粱粉混粉的差别。实验得出添加热处理高粱粉之后混粉的粗蛋白含量,面筋含量、黏度降低、降落数值、吸水率等呈上升趋势,热处理可以降低馒头的硬度;添加热处理高粱粉对蛋糕的品质影响很大,明显提高蛋糕的食用品质,改善外观和内部结构。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.