文蛤肉复合酶分步酶解工艺的研究

本实验探讨了中性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶的复合酶与风味蛋白酶分步酶解文蛤肉的技术。 通过q检验法确定中性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶最佳的复合比例,再通过正交试验探讨复合酶与风味蛋白酶二段酶解的最佳工艺参数,并以水解度、水解得率及风味评分值为指标对分步酶解工艺的最佳条件进行比较验证。结果表明,胰蛋白酶与中性蛋白酶的最佳复合比例为3:1,风味蛋白酶二段酶解的最优工艺参数为水解温度55℃、水解时间5.0h、加酶量1000 U/g(原料)、pH值(5.00±0.05),所得文蛤肉水解液中水解度、水解得率及风味评分值分别为55.97%、87.14%及230.98。     

罗非鱼下脚料双酶法提取呈味物质的研究

研究了胰蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、复合蛋白酶对罗非鱼下脚料的水解条件;并且研究了复合蛋白酶-风味酶双酶法的水解条件.研究结果表明:复合蛋白酶的最佳水解条件为:加酶量为3%,pH值为7.5,时间为2 h,温度为50℃;在最佳水解条件下,复合蛋白酶水解罗非鱼下脚料所得的水解液的水解度最高.风味酶的二次酶解的最佳水解条件是:加酶量为1%,pH值为7,时间为1 h,温度为50℃,此条件下的双酶解的水解度可以达到25.9%.     

Alcalase 2.4L碱性内切酶和Flavourzyme风味酶酶解大豆分离蛋白及脱苦工艺优化

以大豆分离蛋白为原料,选用Alcalase 2.4L碱性内切酶和Flavourzyme风味蛋白酶对大豆分离蛋白进行酶法水解及脱苦工艺研究。以水解度和苦味分值为考察值,对酶解工艺进行优化,确定最佳条件。结果表明:Alcalase2.4L碱性内切酶最佳酶解条件为加酶量14 000 U/g、酶解温度60℃、酶解pH8.5、底物质量分数5%,酶解时间2h,最终水解度为45.34%,此时水解液苦味值为4。Flavourzyme风味蛋白酶对水解液进行二次水解的最优酶解条件为加酶量300 U/g、酶解温度55℃、酶解pH 7.0、酶解时间3 h,此条件下大豆分离蛋白水解液苦味值最低为1.2。Alcalase2.4L碱性内切酶和Flavourzyme风味蛋白酶水解大豆分离蛋白使水解度得到较大提高的同时也解决了水解液的苦味问题。     

酶因子对水飞蓟蛋白酶解液抗氧化活性、理化指标和感官品质的影响

为促进水飞蓟蛋白的高效利用,研究不同蛋白酶对酶解液抗氧化活性、水解度、氮回收率、苦味值等指标的影响。结果表明,与糜胰蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和复合蛋白酶相比,木瓜蛋白酶为水飞蓟蛋白的最佳酶解用酶,可获得较高的抗氧化活性、适宜的水解度和氮回收率,以及较低的苦味值;当酶解温度为45～50℃、时间240～270 min和pH 6～7时,酶解液抗氧化活性可达到14U/mg蛋白,水解度和氮回收率分别在20%和60%以上,而苦味值低于2,酶解液总体质量较优,可作为功能性食品的配料。     

牛骨胶原蛋白抗菌肽的制备及其抑菌活性

以牛骨胶原蛋白为原料,采用胃蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、动物复合蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶对其进行水解,确定最佳的酶解时间和酶用量,并比较酶解效果.酶解液经离心过滤和真空冷冻干燥后,测定其对金黄色葡萄球菌和肠炎沙门氏菌的抑制活性.结果表明:动物复合蛋白酶酶解牛骨胶原蛋白得到的酶解液的水解度最高,其最佳的酶解时间为4h,最适宜的酶添加量(占骨质量的百分比)为1.25%;风味蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶的酶解液对金黄色葡萄球菌具有抑菌效果,其抑菌圈直径分别为6.03mm和7.97mm;动物复合蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶对肠炎沙门氏菌具有抑菌效果,其抑菌圈直径分别为8.67、9.10、9.03mm.     

高收率低苦味值大豆低聚肽的制备

以大豆分离蛋白为原料,以酶解收率为指标对最优的酶解工艺进行研究。在单酶水解的基础上,用复合碱性蛋白酶,中性蛋白酶,胰蛋白酶进行水解,通过正交试验确定了复合酶的最佳水解条件为:碱性蛋白酶/中性蛋白酶/胰蛋白酶加酶1∶2∶3,温度50℃,酶解时间4.5h,在此最佳条件下,酶解收率为86.76%,大豆低聚肽含量为93.49%,苦味值比单酶水解明显降低。     

猪肉不同蛋白酶解呈味组分及热反应风味物质比较

采用胰蛋白酶、复合蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶等5种内切酶和风味蛋白酶(外切酶)的各自较佳条件制备猪肉酶解液。胰蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶的酶解液味道较好,内切酶的酶解液水解度均较高,而鲜味较弱、苦味较强。呈味游离氨基酸组成上,风味蛋白酶的酶解液中鲜、甜味氨基酸比例最大,其次是胰蛋白酶的酶解液;而木瓜蛋白酶的酶解液中苦味氨基酸比例最大。超滤分离发现,呈鲜味的均为小于3 ku的组分,尤其小于1 ku的组分鲜味较强。木瓜蛋白酶的酶解液中小于5 ku组分均有苦味,中性蛋白酶的酶解液中1~5ku的组分均有苦味,而胰蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶的酶解液未分离出苦味组分。6种酶解液与木糖反应所得热反应产物均有不同程度的炖煮肉香气,固相微萃取/气-质联机分析发现,胰蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶的酶解液的热反应产物中,含硫化合物、含氮杂环化合物相对含量较高,而其它4种酶解液的热反应产物中,含氧杂环化合物的相对含量较高。     

双酶水解鸡骨泥的工艺优化

对鸡骨泥进行酶水解,经筛选确定中性蛋白酶和Flavourzyme复合风味酶的组合能有效酶解鸡骨泥。经正交试验分析,确定酶解的最佳工艺为:酶解温度50℃、pH值8.5、中性蛋白酶和Flavourzyme复合风味酶的添加量分别为0.75%和1.50%、底物浓度5%、水解时间2.5h。在该条件下酶解效率最高,水解度和氮收率分别为37.11%和92.50%,酶解产物澄清无苦味及腥味,且游离氨基酸含量显著增加。     

乳清蛋白酶解条件的研究

研究了中性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、复合风味蛋白酶4种水解乳清蛋白的酶,以水解度作为测定指标,考察不同酶酶解温度、时间、p H值、加酶量对水解条件的影响。结果为:确定碱性蛋白酶和复合风味蛋白酶,复配酶最佳酶解条件为:酶解温度55℃;酶解时间4 h;每千克蛋白质中加酶量为6 g;碱性蛋白酶和复合风味蛋白酶的质量比为1∶2。     

紫贻贝酶解条件的研究

本试验主要测定了紫贻贝的基本组分，并利用中性蛋白酶酸性蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶对紫贻贝酶解，制备蛋白水解液，采用凯氏定氮法和甲醛电位滴定法计算酶解液的水解度，结合酶解液的感官评价和水解度筛选最适合酶和确定酶解的最佳工艺条件。主要结论如下：紫贻贝中基本组分是粗蛋白含量为9．5％，粗脂肪的含量为6．2％，灰分的含量为2．9％，水分的含量为83．2％；中性蛋白酶的最佳酶解条件：时间3h，pH值7，温度50℃，酶的添加量0．3％，此条件下水解度为39．43％；酸性蛋白酶的最佳酶解条件：时间2h，pH值4，温度50℃，酶的添加量0．3％，此条件下水解度为39．43％；碱性蛋白酶的最佳酶解条件：时间3h，pH值8，温度45℃，酶的添加量0．4％，此条件下水解度为46．51％；在最佳酶解条件下，碱性蛋白酶对紫贻贝的酶解效果明显的好于其它两种蛋白酶，但经感官评定，碱性蛋白酶酶解液苦味和氨味较重，不符合海鲜调味品的风味要求，中性蛋白酶和酸性蛋白酶酶解液的苦味和氨味比较轻，适合作为紫贻贝水解的外加酶，综上分析，选择中性蛋白酶和酸性蛋白酶作为紫贻贝水解的外加酶。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.