响应面法优化隐甲藻LS1057产二十二碳六烯酸发酵条件

为了提高一株隐甲藻藻株LS1057的二十二碳六烯酸产量,对发酵培养基进行了优化。采用Plackett-Burman实验设计法考察发酵培养基中各组分对二十二碳六烯酸产量的影响,结果表明:葡萄糖、酵母膏、KH2PO4的浓度对二十二碳六烯酸的产量影响显著。再用最陡爬坡路径逼近最大响应区域,并结合Box-Behnken实验设计和响应面分析法对3个显著因素进行回归分析,得到优化的发酵培养基组成:葡萄糖79.76g/L、酵母膏14.0g/L、KH2PO40.5g/L、海盐20.0g/L、MgSO4·7H2O 5.0g/L、KNO38.0g/L、FeSO4·7H2O 0.2g/L和M液(M液:V B10.6g/L,V B120.1mg/L)1%(V/V)。采用该法优化培养基,经摇瓶发酵实验供试藻株的二十二碳六烯酸产量达到了1.811g/L,较优化前提高了71.33%。利用70L发酵罐的分批补料发酵实验对优化后的结果做了进一步的验证,发酵结束后二十二碳六烯酸终产量为2.112g/L。实验结果表明经响应面法优化得到的发酵培养基利于隐甲藻LS1057发酵生产二十二碳六烯酸。     

利用响应面分析法优化高山被孢霉M E - 1 生产花生四烯酸培养基成分研究

在利用高山被孢霉ME-1 生产花生四烯酸(ARA)过程中,采用响应面分析法,对摇瓶中的培养基成分进行优化。建立了两个标准的多项式模型：在长达6.5d 发酵过程中,当葡萄糖、酵母膏、KH2PO4 和NaNO3 浓度分别为90.16、12.50、3.80 和3.54g/L 时,生物量将到最大,约36.86g/L;当葡萄糖、酵母膏、KH2PO4 和NaNO3浓度分别为103.16、11.66、3.80 和3.43g/L 时,AA 产量将到最大,约9.65g/L。预测值通过实验得到了充分的证实,预测值和实验结果相关性很好。发酵罐实验结果表明,在高山被孢霉ME-1 大规模发酵生产过程中,对培养基进行优化,将同时引起生物量(发酵5d,约34.21 ± 1.01g/L)和AA 产量(发酵6d,约9.86 ± 0.45g/L)的增加。     

红曲抑菌成分液态发酵培养基的优化

本文采用二水平实验设计法及Box—Behnken中心组合响应面分析法优化红曲抑菌的液态发酵培养基，研究影响红曲抑菌作用的9个相关因素，并对影响抑菌效果的各因素的最佳水平及其交互作用进行了进一步的研究与探讨，通过回归分析拟合出一个二次方程的数学模型。结果表明，对抑菌活性具有显著影响的因子是大米粉和黄豆粉，两者之间有交互作用。最优培养基是：大米粉5．8％、黄豆粉0．5％、葡萄糖3％；NaNO30．4％、酵母粉0．5％、ZnSO40．02％、MgSO40．1％、KH2PO40．5％，此条件下培养的红曲抑菌活性最好。     

响应面法优化紫绒丝膜菌产紫色素培养基

本实验目的在于优化液体发酵紫绒丝膜菌产紫色素的培养基。利用单因素方法筛选培养基中的影响色素产量的主要营养素,进而利用响应面法进行关键营养素配比的优化。单因素实验表明葡萄糖、KH2PO4、Mg SO4·7H2O的添加量对紫绒丝膜菌的色素的产量影响极为显著,其中葡萄糖表现出负效应,KH2PO4和Mg SO4·7H2O表现出正效应。选取3种显著因素进行响应面试验设计,经响应面优化后的最适培养基配方为葡萄糖21.48 g/L、KH2PO4 2.34 g/L,Mg SO4·7H2O 1.84 g/L、Ca Cl2 0.5 g/L,Fe Cl3·6H2O 0.5 g/L、Na Cl 0.5g/L、硫酸铵5 g/L,在此条件下最大响应色素产量值为1.05±0.07 g/L,与预测值0.99 g/L接近。紫绒丝膜菌液体发酵可大量产紫色素,该色素理化性质等值得进一步研究。     

响应面法优化无色素产普鲁兰菌株UVMU3-1培养基成分

以Plackett-Burman(PB)设计结合响应面(RSM)分析法对无色素产普鲁兰突变菌株UVMU3-1发酵培养基7种营养成分配比进行优化。结果表明:葡萄糖、KH2PO4添加量显著影响普鲁兰产量。最陡爬坡试验使2个显著因素的水平取值逼近最大响应区域。中心组合设计结合RSM分析确定产普鲁兰最优培养基配比为:葡萄糖67g/L、KH2PO45.18g/L、(NH4)2SO45g/L、NaNO310g/L、MgSO4.7H2O 0.5g/L、酵母粉2g/L、吐温-80 10mL/L,预测最大响应值19.94g/L。实际验证普鲁兰产量19.98g/L,与预测相符,普鲁兰产量较优化前提高163%。     

一株产L-赖氨酸菌株发酵培养基的响应面优化

本试验优化了一株黄色短杆菌HXLl09的发酵培养基以提高L．赖氨酸的产量。在研究葡萄糖、硫酸铵、豆饼水解液、KH2P04·3H20、MgS04·7H20、FeS04·7H20、MnSO4·H2O4＋单因素实验的基础上,DesignExpert软件的Box-BehnkenDesign（BBD）建立响应面模型。结果表明：HXL109最佳产酸条件为：葡萄糖89.48g／L,豆饼水解液30．77g／L,硫酸铵20．89g／L,KH2P04·3H204．5g／L。在此条件下L．赖氨酸的产量为142．65g门L,与预测值（143．67g／L）吻合度较高。通过发酵对比实验可见,用响应面分析法对该L-赖氨酸产生菌发酵培养基进行优化,可获得最佳的工艺条件。     

紫红曲霉发酵大米淀粉糖化酶的制备

对紫红曲霉液体发酵生产糖化酶的大米淀粉培养基进行优化,研究了NaNO3、大米淀粉、KH2PO4浓度对紫色红曲霉产糖化酶的影响,通过三因素实验确立了产糖化酶培养基三种主要成分的最优条件：NaNO3 0.6g/100mL,大米淀粉3g/100L,KH2PO4 0.5g/100mL.在250mL三角瓶装50mL培养基,接种量4%,培养时间120h,在上述条件下生物量干重0.3392g,发酵液糖化酶活166.95U/mL,比初始条件下高出2.4倍.     

红曲色素液态发酵与特性的研究

对红曲色素的液体发酵条件和特性进行了研究。结果显示:培养基配方为玉米粉30g/L,NaNO36g/L,KH2PO41.5g/L,MgSO41.0g/L,pH 5.0;发酵条件为250mL摇瓶装100mL发酵培养基,32℃,120r/min振荡培养132h,发酵液的色价可以达到1.314;红曲色素在碱性条件下比较稳定,抗氧化性能较抗坏血酸略高。     

黏红酵母产油脂培养基的响应面优化

利用单因素试验和响应面设计相结合,对黏红酵母产油脂培养基进行了优化。单因素试验得到初步发酵培养基成分为葡萄糖、蛋白胨、KH2PO4。经响应面优化发现,当发酵培养基中葡萄糖含量为73.40g/L,蛋白胨含量为1.06 g/L,KH2PO4含量为3.56 g/L时,油脂产量的理论预测值可达到3.49 g/L,比优化前提高了13%。气相分析其油脂组成,多不饱和脂肪酸质量分数为26.97%。然后又对高产菌株的发酵特性进行研究,在10 d时,生物量和油脂产量达到最高,此时达到发酵终点,生物量为47.98 g/L(菌体湿重),油脂产量达到7.81 g/L。     

响应面法优化壳聚糖酶发酵培养基

为了提高壳聚糖酶的产量,在单因素的试验基础上,采用响应面法优化诱变后菌株的发酵培养基。利用Plackett-Burman试验设计分析发酵培养基中的7个组分,确定了其中的3个显著因素为酵母浸粉、葡萄糖和MgSO4·7H2O,应用最陡爬坡试验确定了这3个因素的合理范围,再通过Box-Behnken响应面试验优化培养基组分。结果表明,最佳发酵培养基为：酵母浸粉16.9 g/L,葡萄糖10.3 g/L,NaCl 5 g/L,K2HPO4 1.4 g/L,KH2PO4 0.6 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 1.2 g/L和吐温-80 1.2 g/L。在此优化条件下,壳聚糖酶酶活力达到10.57 U/mL,比优化前提高了11.77%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.