不同干燥方式对工厂速成腊肉品质的影响

为满足腊肉工业化生产的不同需求,分别使用自然风干、热风干燥、热泵干燥三种方式干燥腊肉,比较水分活度、水分含量、出品率、酸价、过氧化值、色泽、感官、质构,并对理化指标进行主成分分析。结果表明,自然风干得到的腊肉色泽差;热风干燥得到的腊肉酸价、过氧化值、出品率最高;热泵干燥得到的腊肉水分含量和水分活度最低、色泽好、感官评分最高、硬度最小、干燥速率快。其水分活度为0.718,水分含量为18.13 g/100 g,出品率为62.20%,过氧化值为0.127 g/100 g,酸价为0.83 mg/g,色差值为12.28,感官评分为39.50分,硬度为8120.16 g。主成分分析提取了前2个主成分,累积贡献率到达100%。水分活度、水分含量、过氧化值、硬度、弹性、粘性、咀嚼性对第一主成分起作用;出品率、酸价、色差、回复性对第二主成分起作用。综合分析,热泵干燥得到的腊肉产品品质最佳,可为肉制品的工业化生产提供理论依据。     

不同干燥方式对澳洲坚果品质的影响

以适时采摘的澳洲坚果为原料,探讨自然晾晒、热泵干燥、热风干燥以及超声协同热风干燥4 种干燥方式对澳洲坚果果仁品质（水分含量、色泽、质地、酸价、过氧化值和不饱和脂肪酸含量）的影响。结果表明：热泵干燥得到的澳洲坚果果仁水分含量最低,硬度与酸价最小,油酸和棕榈油酸含量最高,果仁脆度最大;但自然晾晒对澳洲坚果果仁的色泽影响最小,且超声协同热风干燥和自然晾晒对澳洲坚果果仁的过氧化值影响最小。综合分析,热泵干燥效果最优,其不仅能提升干燥效率还能较好地保持澳洲坚果品质。     

滚筒催化红外—热风联合干燥核桃的贮藏特性

以酸价和过氧化值为评价指标,研究不同贮藏温度和时间下核桃氧化酸败反应动力学过程,建立评价不同贮藏温度下核桃货架期的预测模型。结果表明,干燥处理后核桃贮藏期间酸价和过氧化值均随贮藏时间的延长而不断升高。变温滚筒催化红外—热风联合干燥处理的核桃酸价和过氧化值增幅最小,贮藏90 d后酸价为1.27 mg/g,过氧化值为0.019 9 g/100 g,其次是恒温滚筒催化红外—热风联合干燥核桃,最高的为单一热风干燥核桃,但均未超过国家规定标准,且品质良好。核桃的氧化酸败反应符合一级化学反应动力学模型。此外,分别以酸价和过氧化值建立了变温滚筒红外—热风联合干燥核桃的货架期预测模型,其R²＞0.99,相对误差＜9%,表明该预测模型在5~35 ℃内可较好地预测核桃的货架期。     

微波和热风联合干燥魔芋片的最佳工艺方法研究

为探究微波和热风联合干燥魔芋片的最佳工艺方法,在分别探讨微波和热风干燥魔芋片特性的基础上,研究了微波和热风联合干燥方法对魔芋干片品质的影响。结果表明,用微波将新鲜魔芋片干燥到水分含量为40%,再用热风干燥至水分含量为15%,魔芋片(粉)的品质最佳。研究结果对魔芋片(粉)的加工具有指导意义。     

不同干燥方式对杨梅果粉品质的影响

通过比较不同干燥方式所得杨梅果粉的水分含量、溶解性、流动性、色泽、香气成分、VC含量、花色苷含量和总酚含量,研究真空干燥、真空冷冻干燥和热风-微波联合干燥3种干燥方式分别对杨梅果粉品质的影响。结果表明:真空冷冻干燥所得杨梅果粉水分含量(3.68%)最低,溶解性(57.68%)、流动性(34.25°)和色泽(a*值为24.48)最好,干燥后杨梅的特征香气成分损失最少,VC、花色苷和总酚含量(分别为103.51、122.81、144.59 mg/100 g)最高;其次是热风-微波联合干燥;真空干燥效果最差。综合考虑杨梅果粉的品质、干燥效率和成本,热风-微波联合干燥适宜在杨梅果粉加工产业推广应用。     

蓝莓热风-微波真空联合干燥工艺研究

采用单因素和一次回归正交试验,对蓝莓热风-微波真空联合干燥工艺进行优化建模,研究初始水分含量、微波温度、微波功率、真空度和微波干燥时间对产品水分含量、膨化率和单位能耗的影响。试验结果表明,最佳干燥工艺参数为:初始水分含量30%~40%,微波干燥温度80℃,微波功率1.5 k W,真空度-80 k Pa,微波干燥时间4 min。根据一次回归正交试验得出微波功率和微波干燥时间对产品最终水分含量影响显著(P0.05),微波功率、真空度和微波干燥时间3个因素对单位能耗均有显著影响(P0.05),而以上3个因素对膨化率的影响不显著;同时得到微波功率、真空度和微波干燥时间与产品最终水分含量、膨化率和单位能耗的回归方程。此回归方程为蓝莓热风-微波真空联合干燥工艺提供了理论参考。     

米粉微波-热风联合干燥工艺研究

本文研究了热风干燥、微波干燥和微波-热风联合干燥3种工艺对米粉品质的影响。根据正交试验结果表明,先进行微波干燥7min,微波功率385W;再进行热风干燥90min,热风温度40℃,米粉的品质最好,水分含量13.09%,复水率2.33,复水时间9min,感官评分88分。     

热风与微波及其联合干燥对香椿芽品质的影响

以香椿芽为材料,比较研究热风干燥、微波干燥和热风-微波联合干燥3 种方式对香椿芽干燥特性和品质的影响。结果表明,60 ℃热风干燥和550 W微波干燥所得干制品的综合评价值较大,分别为0.890和0.884。热风-微波联合干燥的最佳干燥工艺条件为前期采用60 ℃热风干燥至转换点干基水分含量0.67 kg/kg,后期采用功率330 W进行微波干燥;在此条件下,联合干燥所得干制品的综合评价值为0.972。说明热风-微波联合干燥可以很好地保持香椿芽的品质。     

热风-远红外联合干燥肉脯的工艺优化及其品质研究

为提高肉脯品质,本文研究了不同干燥技术对肉脯品质的影响,以水分含量、剪切力、色差和质构为指标,通过单因素和正交试验优化热风-远红外联合干燥肉脯的工艺条件,确定干燥模型,并对比分析微波、热风、远红外干燥技术对肉脯品质的影响。结果表明:热风-远红外联合干燥肉脯的最佳工艺为:第一段热风干燥温度Ⅰ170℃,第二段热风干燥温度Ⅱ 250℃,第三段红外烤制温度Ⅲ 260℃,干燥100 s,制得肉脯的水分含量低(13.54±0.48) g/100 g,嫩度高,易咀嚼,符合Modified Henderson and Pabis干燥模型(R2=0.9976);与微波干燥、热风干燥和远红外干燥相比,热风-远红外联合干燥的肉脯品质最佳,改善了产品的感官质量,水分含量、剪切力、硬度、咀嚼性、L*值和a*值分别是热风干燥的92%、55%、60%、46%、109%和121%,胶粘性和b*值无显著差异。该研究为肉脯的干燥加工提供了理论依据。     

不同干燥方式对甘薯干品质的影响

采用热风干燥、微波干燥、热风联合微波干燥三种方式对甘薯进行干燥,研究三种干燥方式对甘薯干品质的影响.干燥至相同的水分含量所需时间:热风干燥＞热风—微波联合干燥＞微波干燥;持水力:热风—微波联合干燥＞热风干燥＞微波干燥;吸脂性:热风—微波联合干燥＞热风干燥＞微波干燥;色泽、收缩度均为:热风—微波联合干燥优于微波干燥优于热风干燥.热风—微波联合干燥产品品质优良且生产成本较低,可用于甘薯干燥加工的工业化生产.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.