响应面法优化微波辅助提取红小豆种皮花色苷及其稳定性研究

以红小豆种皮为试验原料,采用溶剂法、微波法、超声波法、酶法等组合工艺对红小豆种皮花色苷进行提取,并在单因素实验的基础上,应用响应面分析优化了最佳提取工艺条件。同时,研究了pH、光照、温度、食品添加剂、金属离子对红小豆种皮花色苷稳定性的影响。结果表明:红小豆花色苷的最佳提取方法为微波辅助溶剂提取法,各因素对花色苷提取效果影响的主次顺序为料液比>微波功率>微波时间,最佳提取工艺条件为:料液比1:30（g/mL）,微波功率463 W、微波时间42 min,在此条件下得出的红小豆种皮花色苷含量为32.08 mg/100 g。红小豆种皮花色苷在pH<5的酸性条件下稳定性较好,在光照时间大于2 d和温度高于80℃的条件下稳定性差,食品添加剂蔗糖、葡萄糖、氯化钠和苯甲酸钠对其无明显影响,添加柠檬酸对其有增色作用,在Na+、Mg2+、K+离子溶液中稳定性好,在Fe3+、Cu2+离子溶液中稳定性较差。     

超声辅助提取火龙果果皮花色苷及稳定性研究

本文在单因素实验的基础上,用响应面优化了超声辅助提取火龙果皮花色苷的工艺条件,并探讨了其稳定性。结果表明:响应面法优化的工艺条件为:乙醇浓度19%,提取时间11 min,提取温度40℃,料液比1∶95(m∶V),在该条件下提取火龙果皮花色苷含量为159.14 mg/100 g。高温、碱、氧化剂和还原剂可严重降低其稳定性;光照可使花色苷分解;葡萄糖和蔗糖对花色苷影响很小,甚至可以保护花色苷;Ca~(2+)、Sn~(2+)等金属离子能破坏其稳定性,Na+、Zn~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+等金属离子对其稳定性影响较小。     

甘蔗皮花色苷的提取及辅色剂对花色苷的辅色作用研究

采用溶剂提取法提取甘蔗皮中的花色苷,通过单因素实验方法和正交实验方法确定了花色苷的最佳提取工艺条件;选取三种辅色剂(阿魏酸、香草酸和4-香豆酸)与甘蔗皮花色苷进行辅色反应,研究不同温度和p H值条件下辅色剂的辅色效应。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为:提取剂组成(V甲醇:V丙酮:V水=2:2:1,p H=1.0),料液比1:10(g/m L),提取时间120 min,提取温度20℃。在此条件下,花色苷总含量为125.01±1.77 mg/100 g DW(甘蔗皮干重)。在模拟酒体系中,辅色剂对甘蔗皮花色苷的辅色效果随辅色剂质量浓度的增加而增强;降低p H可增强辅色效应,当达到最适辅色p H时辅色反应达到平衡;达到最适辅色温度后辅色效应随温度升高而减弱;三种辅色剂的辅色效应从强到弱依次为:4-香豆酸阿魏酸香草酸。     

黑果枸杞花色苷纳米颗粒的制备及其对氧化低密度脂蛋白诱导的人脐静脉融合细胞氧化损伤的保护作用

为了提高黑果枸杞花色苷的稳定性和活性,利用壳聚糖（chitosan,CS）与酪蛋白磷酸肽（casein phosphopeptide,CPP）复合凝胶体系制备CS-CPP黑果枸杞花色苷纳米颗粒。所得最佳制备条件为：pH?4、室温条件下搅拌,2?mg/mL黑果枸杞花色苷溶液等体积添加到质量分数0.5%?CPP溶液中,然后添加等体积0.20～0.30?mg/mL?CS溶液至上述花色苷-CPP溶液中,由离子凝胶机制自发形成CS-CPP黑果枸杞花色苷纳米颗粒。所得CS-CPP黑果枸杞花色苷纳米颗粒粒径为215.3?nm,表面电势为36?mV,包封率为65.0%～72.2%;体外释放实验结果表明,在pH?7.0时该CS-CPP黑果枸杞花色苷纳米颗粒的释放率为24.3%～64.2%。体外细胞实验结果表明,黑果枸杞花色苷质量浓度为100～200?μg/L的CS-CPP黑果枸杞花色苷纳米颗粒能够显著提高氧化低密度脂蛋白诱导的氧化损伤人脐静脉融合EAhy926细胞的存活率（P＜0.05）。因此,CS-CPP复合凝胶体系能够包封黑果枸杞花色苷,其制备的CS-CPP黑果枸杞花色苷纳米颗粒具有较好的体外抗氧化能力。     

黑果腺肋花楸花色苷的提取工艺优化及其稳定性

以黑果腺肋花楸果实作为原料,采用单因素实验及正交法优化花色苷提取条件,并测定在不同条件下对花色苷稳定性的影响。结果表明:乙醇浓度50%,液料比25:1 g/mL,提取温度55 ℃,提取时间60 min为最佳提取条件,此时黑果腺肋花楸花色苷提取量可达到(4.32±0.18) mg/g。当pH≤3时,花色苷呈红色且稳定性较强;随着温度升高和光照时间增加,花色苷极其不稳定,溶液颜色逐渐变浅;随着H₂O₂和Na₂SO₃浓度逐渐增加,花色苷溶液逐渐褪色。黑果腺肋花楸花色苷在酸性条件下比较稳定,且在加工运输保存时应尽量避免接触氧化剂和还原剂。     

水提紫甘薯色素废渣花色苷提取工艺研究

目的研究水提紫甘薯色素废渣花色苷的提取工艺,旨在为紫甘薯废渣的综合开发利用提供参考依据。方法采用溶液浸提法、超声波辅助法、微波萃取法对水提紫甘薯色素废渣中的花色苷进行提取研究,通过单因素实验和正交实验确定最佳提取方法及工艺条件。结果水提紫甘薯色素废渣花色苷最佳提取方法为微波萃取法,其最佳提取工艺:pH 1.5柠檬酸溶液,料液比1:20,微波功率708 W,时间4 min。在此条件下累计提取6次并测得水提紫甘薯色素废渣中花色苷总量178.33 mg/100 g。最佳提取次数为2次。结论水提紫甘薯色素废渣花色苷含量较高,可考虑将其应用于食品工业、生态动物饲料生产等行业。     

紫甘蓝花色苷稳定性及热降解动力学研究

为有效控制紫甘蓝加工过程中花色苷的降解,研究了pH、温度、光照、金属离子及外源添加物对花色苷稳定性的影响。实验表明,紫甘蓝花色苷稳定性受pH、温度和光照影响较大,pH2.0左右的花色苷5 h保存率仍有92.92%±0.69%、40℃下避光5 h花色苷保存率有70.50%±0.52%,花色苷稳定性较强;添加不同浓度的金属离子（K+、Mg2+、Na+）低浓度Fe3+（0.01~0.02 g/mL）及抗坏血酸（0.03 g/mL）、蔗糖和乳糖均可提高花色苷稳定性;氧化剂H₂O₂及还原剂Na₂SO₃、高浓度Fe3＋（0.03~0.04 g/mL）和抗坏血酸（0.09和0.12 g/mL）均加快花色苷降解,且降解速率随浓度增大而增加。花色苷热降解符合一级动力学,降解速率随温度升高而增加,半衰期随之减小,50℃ pH2.0的t_1/2最大为67.28 h,活化能最大为39.16 kJ/mol,为吸热非自发反应。采用紫甘蓝花色苷加工产品时,应尽量使温度低于40℃或者控制pH在2.0左右、选择提升或者不影响花色苷稳定性的辅料,于避光环境下操作及储存。     

超声波辅助提取紫茄皮花色苷工艺及其稳定性研究

研究以紫茄皮为试验对象,酸化乙醇为提取剂,采用超声波辅助提取紫茄皮花色苷,并优化提取的最佳工艺。在单因素试验的基础上,利用Box-Behnken设计方法和响应面法优化紫茄皮花色苷的提取条件。试验表明:当超声波功率180 W、超声波时间5 min、乙醇体积分数85%、液料比值30 m L·g-1时,得到最佳工艺条件,该条件下的紫茄皮花色苷含量为5.184 1 mg/g。其稳定性研究结果表明:紫茄皮花色苷不耐高温,在光照、碱性,加热等条件下稳定性较差;在一定浓度的研究范围内,蔗糖和抗坏血酸对紫茄皮花色苷有较弱的降解作用,而葡萄糖对紫茄皮花色苷有较弱的保护作用。     

蔓越莓花色苷的组成鉴定及抗氧化能力

对蔓越莓花色苷的组成进行鉴定,并对其抗氧化能力进行测定。采用pH示差法测定花色苷提取量,超高压辅助提取蔓越莓花色苷含量为（75.49±0.43）mg/100?g,常规溶剂提取蔓越莓花色苷含量为（67.31±1.08）mg/100?g,蔓越莓中总花色苷含量为（79.52±0.50）mg/100?g;选择AB-8大孔树脂对蔓越莓花色苷粗提物进行纯化,冻干粉中花色苷含量从（46.10±0.92）mg/g提高到（309.26±2.37）mg/g。通过测定1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率、2,2’-联氮基-双-（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐自由基清除能力和总抗氧化能力,比较蔓越莓花色苷与VC的抗氧化能力。结果表明：同质量浓度条件下,蔓越莓花色苷的抗氧化能力强于VC。通过高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术在蔓越莓中鉴定出7?种花色苷：芍药素-3,5-二己糖苷、矢车菊素-3-半乳糖苷、矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-3-阿拉伯糖苷、芍药素-3-半乳糖苷、芍药素-3-葡萄糖苷、芍药素-3-阿拉伯糖苷,其中芍药素-3,5-二己糖苷首次在蔓越莓中被鉴定出。     

插田泡花色苷的振荡提取及抗氧化活性

采用乙醇振荡提取插田泡果实花色苷,通过正交试验筛选花色苷提取的最佳条件,同时对插田泡花色苷的抗氧化活性进行研究。结果显示,体积分数85%乙醇溶液（pH 3）按料液比1∶30（g/mL）在50 ℃条件下振荡提取1 h,同样条件下样品再重复提取,振荡时间 1 h,花色苷提取量达211.05 mg/100 g。在实验范围内,花色苷对2,2’-联氮-双（3-乙基苯并噻吡咯啉-6-磺酸）（2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate),ABTS）、二苯代苦味肼基（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl,DPPH）、羟自由基（·OH）均有较强的清除能力,清除率随质量浓度的升高而增大,呈正线性相关;花色苷对不同自由基的抑制能力大小依次为·OH（IC50=1.71 μg/mL）＞ABTS+·（IC50=2.27 μg/mL）＞DPPH自由基（IC50=3.44 μg/mL）,抑制能力均远高于阳性对照VC和二丁基羟基甲苯。结果表明,插田泡花色苷具有显著的抗氧化活性,是一种值得开发的天然抗氧化剂和功能性食品资源。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.