三聚氰胺(酸)对肾脏毒性的实验研究

目的:研究三聚氰胺(酸)对肾脏的毒理损害.方法:将新生鼠和成年鼠分别分为三聚氰胺高剂量组(NM,M),三聚氰胺低剂量组(Nm,m),三聚氰酸高剂量组(NA,A),三聚氰酸低剂量组(Na,a),三聚氰胺-三聚氰酸高剂量组(NMA,MA),三聚氰胺-三聚氰酸低剂量组(Nma,ma)和正常对照组(NN,N).给予相应剂量三聚氰胺(酸)灌胃持续两月,于灌胃3、15、60 d随机处死各组大鼠,称取体重、肾重,检测血液常规生化指标;观测肾脏组织细胞形态和超微结构变化.结果:NMA组及Nma组体重先增加,然后减少.MA组及ma组体重持续减轻.各给药组随着灌胃时间延长,肾脏晶体不断增加.电镜显示含结石肾小管微绒毛减少或消失,粒细胞浸润等炎性反应.各给药组随着灌胃时间的延长,肾体重比、尿素氮、肌酐、尿酸值增加.结论:三聚氰胺(酸)可以在大鼠肾脏形成晶体样结石;三聚氰胺(酸)成年鼠的肾毒性大于新生鼠;三聚氰胺(酸)混合物毒性大于单体;三聚氰胺(酸)形成晶体数量与时间、剂量呈正相关;三聚氰胺(酸)毒性存在个体及窝别差异.     

三聚氰胺对大鼠肾功能影响的实验研究

目的：研究三聚氰胺对SD大鼠肾功能的影响.方法：SD大鼠分别给予0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0 5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9、1.0 g/（kg·d）剂量的化学纯三聚氰胺灌胃.溶媒对照组每天灌胃1%甲基纤维素溶液5 mL/kg,无菌水对照组每天灌胃无菌水5 mL/kg.在灌胃20、30和40 d,每组各取10只大鼠（雌雄各半）剖检.结果：较高剂量的三聚氰胺（0.7、0.8、0.9、1.0 g/（kg·d）灌胃大鼠,会影响其肾功能,主要表现为BUN（BUN）及肌酐（Cr）升高,肾脏脏器系数增加,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）.体视显微镜系统下观察到肾脏肿胀,肾皮质和髓质均有黄色沉淀物.肾脏病理组织形态学观察可见肾脏病变及灶性聚集的结晶.结论：灌胃三聚氰胺,会影响大鼠的肾功能,对肾脏造成损害,这可能是形成三聚氰胺泌尿系结石的原因之一.     

三聚氰胺及其类似物致大鼠肾结石动物模型建立

目的探讨三聚氰胺及其类似物（三聚氰酸）致肾结石动物模型的建立方法.方法雌性SD大鼠48只（167～206 g）随机分为对照组和实验组.根据每只大鼠每日进食三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸量的不同,将实验组又随机分为A、B、C三组.将计算出的每只大鼠每日进食三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸的量,溶于2 mL1%羧甲基纤维素钠内配制成混悬液予实验组灌胃,灌胃1周.对照组每日予2 mL1%羧甲基纤维素钠灌胃1周.灌胃结束时检测大鼠血肌酐、尿素氮并观察肾脏病理切片.结果给予不同剂量三聚氰胺其类似物后观察肾脏病理切片均有结晶形成,但181 mg组动物死亡率高,32 mg组结石形成率低.结论采用121 mg/（kg.day）（2 mL/day,共1周）三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸灌胃,能成功建立三聚氰胺及其类似物（三聚氰酸）肾结石动物模型.     

巴马香猪Toll样受体4基因cDNA的克隆及生物信息学分析

目的观察三聚氰胺急性毒性及中药三金汤对三聚氰胺的清除作用。方法昆明小鼠90只,分为7组灌胃三聚氰胺,2组对照,观察其对小鼠的毒性。昆明小鼠70只分为7组,三金汤预防高、中、低剂量组,三金汤治疗组、三聚氰胺模型组、2组对照,一次性给予三聚氰胺后,观察三金汤对小鼠肾和肺三聚氰胺的清除作用。结果昆明小鼠灌胃三聚氰胺的LD50为9366mg／kg,肾脏未见结晶,肾、肝、肺有炎性细胞浸润。三聚氰胺灌胃后在肾、肺含量分别为327ng／g、177．5ng／g,三金汤预防高剂量组清除三聚氰胺效果最佳,肾、肺三聚氰胺含量分别降低至58ng／g、28．2ng／g。结论本实验条件下,初步认定三聚氰胺属微毒或无毒;中药三金汤对小鼠体内三聚氰胺的清除作用以三金汤预防高剂量组的效果最佳。     

姜黄素对新生大鼠卵巢卵泡发育和卵母细胞凋亡的影响

目的：探讨姜黄素对新生大鼠卵泡发育和卵母细胞凋亡的影响。方法：雌性SD大鼠分为母鼠灌胃组（受孕11.5d母鼠灌胃姜黄素（100mg·kg^-1·d^-1）直至分娩,分别取出生后1、2和4d龄雌仔鼠卵巢）,新生鼠腹腔注射组（正常出生1d龄雌仔鼠腹腔注射姜黄素（100mg·kg^-1·d^-1）,连续4d,分别取出生后2、4d龄卵巢）和对照组（以母、幼均未用药的正常同天龄新生鼠的卵巢为对照）。卵巢组织切片由苏木精-伊红染色,观察不同发育阶段的卵泡比例,TUNEL染色检测卵巢内卵母细胞凋亡情况。结果：在1d龄卵巢中,母鼠灌胃组未装配卵泡比例明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）,而原始卵泡的比例明显增加（P〈0.05）;在2d龄卵巢中,新生鼠腹腔注射组未装配卵泡比例明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）,而原始卵泡比例则明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）;在4d龄卵巢中,新生鼠腹腔注射组的原始卵泡比例显著下降（P〈0.05）。早期初级和发育卵泡比例显著升高（P〈0.05）。在1、2d龄卵巢中,母鼠灌胃组和新生鼠腹腔注射组卵母细胞TUNEL阳性率均明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：姜黄素能加快新生大鼠卵母细胞巢破裂,促进原始卵泡的发育启动,同时能抑制卵母细胞凋亡,可能有益于延长卵巢的生殖寿命。     

维生素D缺乏对大鼠肺发育影响的形态学研究

目的:研究维生素D(VitD)缺乏对大鼠肺发育的形态学影响.方法:雌性SD孕鼠随机分为正常对照组、VitD缺乏模型组及干预组3组,每组6只.对照组予光照及含VitD的正常饲料喂养;模型组及干预组予以避光、不含VitD的饲料喂养,2周后与成熟SD雄性大鼠交配,于孕17、18、19天干预组以活性VitD(0.5 mg/kg)灌胃,并恢复光照及正常喂养;模型组及对照组予以等体积生理盐水灌胃.各组取孕20天的胎肺及生后1天新生鼠肺组织,通过光镜观察和电镜技术.分析研究VitD缺乏对肺发育的形态学影响.结果:光镜下,孕20天模型组及干预组胎肺肺泡平均表面积、平均呼吸膜周径均小于同龄正常对照组(P<0.05),平均肺泡间隔厚度大于对照组(P<0.05);生后1天新生鼠模型组肺泡平均表面积、平均呼吸膜周径小于对照组(P<0.05),平均肺泡间隔厚度大于对照组(P<0.05),干预组肺泡平均表面积、平均呼吸膜周径大于模型组,平均间隔厚度小于模型组(P<0.05).电镜下,孕20天及生后1天的模型组的板层小体数量均明显少于对照组,且孕20天模型组糖原沉积丰富,生后1天模型组板层小体结构疏松,可见板层小体排空现象;干预组上述变化较模型组有所改善.结论:孕期VitD缺乏抑制了孕晚期胎鼠及新生大鼠的肺发育,补充活性维生素D可逆转上述抑制作用.     

妊娠期大鼠大量摄入酒精对新生鼠血糖的影响及其机制

目的：观察孕期摄入酒精对新生鼠血糖的影响并探讨其发生机制。方法：6只Wistar孕鼠随机分为酒精灌胃组（4g•kg^-1•d^-1至分娩前）和对照组（给予等容积蒸馏水）。分娩后每组随机选12只新生鼠,摄入酒精孕鼠的新生鼠为酒精组,给予蒸馏水孕鼠的新生鼠为对照组。RT-PCR检测新生鼠脂肪组织瘦素、抵抗素mRNA表达水平,形态测定法观察胰岛细胞形态并分析胰岛结构参数。结果：与对照组比较,酒精灌胃组的新生鼠出生时体重明显降低（P<0.001）,血糖升高（P<0.05）,血浆及胰腺胰岛素含量均显著降低（P<0.05）。酒精灌胃组新生鼠脂肪组织中抵抗素mRNA表达量增加（P<0.05）,而瘦素mRNA表达量降低（P<0.05）。酒精灌胃组新生鼠胰岛及 细胞形态未发生改变,胰岛数量及 细胞密度与对照组比较差异无显著性 （P>0.05）。结论：孕鼠大量摄入酒精引起新生鼠胰岛素分泌减少,改变与胰岛素抵抗相关的脂源性细胞因子基因表达,从而使新生鼠血糖升高,亦可能是引起成年期胰岛素抵抗发生的原因之一。     

Changes of AQP2 expression in neonatal rats with acute renal ischemic failure

目的:观察新生鼠急性缺血性肾功能衰竭时AQP2表达的改变特点,探讨其在肾脏缺血和再灌注损伤时的病理生理中的意义.方法:选用生后7dSD大鼠行单侧肾结扎,对侧肾无创伤夹闭肾蒂30 min后,松夹恢复肾灌注复制新生鼠模型,复流6h处理,设立仅作假手术处理的对照组.取标本透射电镜下观察肾脏超微结构变化,并测定血清肌酐Cr水平和以免疫组化法检测肾组织中AQP2的表达.结果:新生鼠肾缺血再灌注后血清Cr明显升高,同时肾组织中AQP2的表达水平明显降低,均低于对照组,统计学上有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:实验对象肾缺血再灌注6h后出现严重的肾功能损伤,同时肾组织中的AQP2的表达下调,其可能与肾IRI代谢紊乱后肾小管产生炎症反应和细胞因子有关,同时也说明存在尿浓缩能力的破坏.     

不同浓度三聚氰胺对SD大鼠肾损伤的研究

目的以三聚氰胺进行SD大鼠的动物实验,了解不同浓度三聚氰胺对肾脏的损伤.方法将56只出生7～10 d的SD新生大鼠分成高浓度组（A组）、中浓度组（B组）、低浓度组（C组）及对照组（D组）,每组14只.实验组分别给予不同浓度三聚氰胺灌胃,对照组给蒸馏水灌胃1个月后处死动物,采血送检血尿素氮、肌酐、尿酸、血钙,肾脏组织通过光镜、电镜观察其微结构变化,做病理图像定量分析.有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结果 （1）实验组大鼠体重与对照组统计学意义（P〉0.05）;（2）A组和C组血清尿素氮比对照组低,其余生化指标实验组与对照组没有差别;（3）实验组大鼠各组肾脏在光镜下均有不同程度的病理改变,以A组较明显,病理图像分析结果肾小球横截面积实验组小于对照组,其余指标实验组与对照组相比均无统计学意义,光镜下均未发现结石和结晶体;（4）电镜下观察,实验组可见电子致密物沉积于基底膜,以及细胞微结构改变和炎性细胞浸润,改变以A组较明显,B组次之,C组较少,对照组没有见到电子致密物.结论实验组在电镜下有不同程度的肾脏损伤的病理改变,表现为：肾小球基底膜电子致密物沉积,系膜细胞和肾小管上皮细胞微结构改变以及炎性细胞浸润,并且病理损伤程度与摄入三聚氰胺浓度有关.但并未出现体重、肾功能生化指标的改变,没有发现明确的结石.     

强力霉素抑制鼠眼化学伤角膜新生血管形成

[目的]观察强力霉素对鼠眼化学伤角膜新生血管形成的影响.[方法]取SD大鼠42只,制成眼碱性化学伤模型,随机分为强力霉素治疗组与对照组,每组21只大鼠(右眼),治疗组强力霉素30mg/(kg·d)灌胃给药,对照组等量生理盐水灌胃.裂隙灯观察角膜新生血管、角膜水肿、上皮缺损愈合及眼前段情况,分别于3、7、14、21、28、35 d裂隙灯照相并计算新生血管面积及新生血管抑制率.[结果]两组大鼠伤后第1天角膜缘血管网扩张充血,3d时血管开始侵入角膜,7～14 d时新生血管达到高峰,14～21 d后新生血管逐渐回退;两组角膜新生血管长度、新生血管面积及角膜水肿程度存在差异P<0.05);各时间点角膜新生血管抑制率为35.8%～53.3%,随时间推移呈上升趋势.[结论]强力霉素能有效地抑制眼化学伤诱导的角膜新生血管形成.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.