经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管感染的预防和处理

经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)是经外周静脉穿刺置管,其导管尖端位于上腔静脉或锁骨下静脉内.临床的广泛应用对肿瘤患者保证化疗药物安全输注、保护外周静脉网,提高患者生存质量起到了非常积极的作用.PICC术后继发感染和败血症是最严重的并发症[1].根据有关资料统计,静脉导管的感染占医院感染的13%,仅次于尿路感染,90%的静脉导管感染继发于中心静脉插管[2].     

经外周静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管在临床护理中的应用

经外周静脉穿刺置人中心静脉导管（PICC）以其操作方便、无严重并发症、一次置入长期使用、保护血管、减轻患者痛苦等优点在临床护理工作中已得到广泛应用。现将其临床应用方法及并发症防治讨论如下：1置管方法     

经外周行中心静脉置管前的评估

经外周行中心静脉置管（PICC）已在临床上广泛应用.如何提高置管的成功率,减少各种并发症的发生,是当前面临的一个重大课题.我们通过对466例经外周行中心静脉置管的患者进行研究,认为置管前应对患者的血管条件、护士技术及采用PICC导管进行评估,真正做到心中有数,才能提高置管成功率.现报告如下：     

外周中心静脉置管180例

外周中心静脉置管（PICC）是经外周静脉穿刺置人中心静脉导管的一种操作方法,在临床上广泛应用,但在PICC留置过程中,护理不当极易出现一些严重并发症,如机械性静脉炎,导管相关性感染,血栓形成,导管阻塞等,甚至导致留置管失败。现将PICC的护理经验进行总结如下。     

经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管116例护理体会

<正>经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)已广泛应用于临床,是一种方便、安全、有效的置管方法。其操作创伤小、保留时间长,能有效减少患者反复穿刺的痛苦。但在临床上往往会遇到因患者病情、年龄、血管条件等因素导致常规置管失败。针对这种情况,我     

肿瘤患者PICC导管异位于颈内静脉原因分析及处理

经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管（PICC）是临床治疗的常见方法之一[1]。因其操作简便、使用安全,已在临床上已广泛应用[2]。但作为一种侵袭性操作及导管在血管内的异物特性,仍有可能发生导管堵塞、感染、异位等并发症[3],其中置入导管时发生导管尖端异位较常见,其发生率可达34.2%[4]。我科室2010年1月至2011年3月,148例患者PICC置管时发生导管移位颈内静脉的有13例。我们对13例患者PICC导管异位的原因进行分析,报告如下。     

外周静脉置入中心静脉导管与经锁骨下静脉置入中心静脉导管在肿瘤化疗患者中的应用效果观察

经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)及经锁骨下静脉置入中心静脉导管(CVC)为肿瘤患者提供了一条方便、无痛、安全、有效并可长期使用的静脉通路,但二者在临床应用时各有优劣,就二种置管方式在置管成功率、置管操作时间、主要并发症发生率等方面进行比较,现总结如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料随机选取2011年1日—2012年1     

PICC置管术的护理

经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管（PICC）已发展成为一种安全、有效的置管技术，以其明显的优势在临床已被广泛应用，它为患者提供了一条无痛性输液通道。为降低其导管堵管率、感染率等并发症，延长导管的留置时间，我科对PICC置管患者采取了有效的护理措施，取得满意效果，现介绍如下。     

经外周置入中心静脉导管阻塞原因及防范措施

经外周中心静脉置管（PICC）是一种从周围静脉穿刺置入导管且末端位于中心静脉的深静脉置管技术。PICC导管头部定位于中心静脉，血流量大，能迅速降低液体渗透压及药物浓度，可长期输入高渗性及刺激性药物，保护外周血管不受损害，有效减轻了反复穿刺的痛苦，为患者提供中期至长期的静脉输液通道，已发展成为一种方便、安全、有效的置管技术。具有适应证广、创伤小、操作简单、置管快捷、保留时间长、并发症少的优点，广泛应用于危重病人抢救、肿瘤化疗、静脉高营养治疗（TPN）及长期输液的病人，是一条安全、快捷、效果良好的静脉输液途径。我科在开展PICC过程中，其中有部分患者出现导管阻塞情况，现将引起导管阻塞的原因及其相应的防范措施总结如下。[第一段]     

肘正中静脉的解剖研究与应用

经外周静脉中心静脉置管(PICC)因其留置时间长,能够安全的输注高渗性刺激性药物,保护患者血管,减轻患者痛苦,可由护士操作等优点已被广泛应用,为患者提供了一条无痛性输液通道[1].肘正中静脉作为PICC的置入通道,了解其管径、瓣膜及走向的解剖位置关系将有助于临床操作,避免导管重置,提高一次性置管的成功率,降低静脉炎的发生,延长留置时间,提高患者的生活质量.因此我们对30具尸体,共60例尸体的上肢进行肘正中静脉的解剖观察,现报告如下.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.