水剂法提取花生油中乳状液的酶法破乳研究

以水剂法提取花生油过程中产生的乳状液为研究对象,使用2709碱性蛋白酶对其进行破乳研究。结果表明:2709碱性蛋白酶最佳破乳条件为料水比1∶1,加酶量(以乳状液质量为基准)0.5%,酶解时间60 min,温度55℃,pH 8.5;在此条件下,破乳率达到90%以上。在优化的酶解条件下,研究破乳过程破乳率与蛋白质水解度变化的相关性,并采用图像颗粒分析系统对破乳过程进行观测与分析。结果发现,随着酶解的进行,破乳率与蛋白质水解度呈高度显著正相关,油滴颗粒数逐渐减少,平均粒径逐渐增大。     

葵花籽粗油体中内源性蛋白酶系的性质探究以及鉴定

通过电泳探究葵花籽粗油体中内源性蛋白酶系的水解性质,以及用液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）鉴定内源性蛋白酶的种类。结果表明,油质蛋白在pH 4~8水解速度相对较快,22 kDa球蛋白在pH 3~5水解速度相对较快,35 kDa球蛋白在pH 4~8水解速度相对较快。葵花籽粗油体中内源性蛋白酶系在pH 4、50 ℃水解速度相对最快。通过抑制剂实验发现,在pH 4下,葵花籽粗油体中有金属蛋白酶类、天冬氨酸蛋白酶类、丝氨酸蛋白酶类的酶活表征,几乎无半胱氨酸蛋白酶酶活的存在。通过LC-MS/MS分析发现,葵花籽粗油体中存在金属蛋白酶类、天冬氨酸蛋白酶类和丝氨酸蛋白酶类和天冬氨酸蛋白酶类抑制剂、丝氨酸蛋白酶类抑制剂以及半胱氨酸蛋白酶类抑制剂。研究结果为利用内源性蛋白酶类进行水相加工提供了理论基础。     

水酶法提取大豆油工艺中乳状液的酶法破乳研究

为降低水酶法提取大豆油过程所产乳状液的稳定性,得到较高的游离油回收率,研究了α-淀粉酶、纤维素酶、Alcalase碱性蛋白酶、7L中性蛋白酶的破乳效果;通过破乳率、Zeta电位、粘度、粒径分布和平均粒径指标,分别考察了Alcalase碱性蛋白酶和7L中性蛋白酶对乳状液稳定性的影响。结果显示,在所选酶中Alcalase碱性蛋白酶、7L中性蛋白酶破乳效果最好,相同水解条件下,Alcalase碱性蛋白酶的破乳率高于7L中性蛋白酶。2%的7L中性蛋白酶酶解60 min时破乳率达100%,而在相同酶解时间内,1% Alcalase碱性蛋白酶即可实现100%破乳。经Alcalase碱性蛋白酶和7L中性蛋白酶水解后,乳状液的粘度变低,电位电势减弱,油滴发生聚集,导致乳状液稳定性下降。随Alcalase和7L蛋白酶浓度和酶解时间的增加,相应地,乳状液的粘度进一步降低,破乳率上升。     

近江牡蛎蛋白自溶水解的条件优化

采用近江牡蛎的内源性蛋白酶对其蛋白质进行自溶水解,并优化其自溶水解条件。评价了水解时间、初始pH、水解温度、原料占总质量比等因素对自溶水解效果的影响,确定牡蛎自溶的最佳条件为：水解时间12 h、初始pH 4、水解温度40或50℃、原料占总质量比0.5。利用响应面中的Central Composite设计优化了内源性蛋白酶的水解工艺,以氨基酸态氮含量为评价指标最终确定内源性蛋白酶的最佳酶解工艺条件并修正为：温度为56.24℃,初始pH值为4.00,原料占总质量比为0.50。在此条件下,水解液中的氨基酸态氮含量5.73 mg/mL和回归方程的预测值5.81mg/mL具有较好的拟合性,水解液中的氨基酸态氮含量比优化前的最大值4.11 mg/mL提高39.42%。     

响应面法优化双酶分步酶水解核桃蛋白质工艺研究

以核桃蛋白质为对象,研究了胰蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶两种蛋白酶单独水解核桃蛋白时的适宜水解条件,同时采用响应面分析法对双酶分步酶水解核桃蛋白质的工艺进行了优化,结果表明:胰蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶的适宜反应温度分别为55、50℃,适宜反应pH分别为8.0、7.0。分步水解的适宜条件为先在温度为55℃、pH8.0、胰蛋白酶添加量为2000U/g的条件下水解4h,再在温度为50℃、pH7.0、中性蛋白酶的添加量为3100U/g的条件下水解2.7h。在此条件下,水解度为36.35%,氮收率92.53%;比单独用胰蛋白酶或中性蛋白酶水解核桃蛋白质的水解度分别提高了17.79%、20.11%;氮收率分别提高27.29%、29.20%。     

水酶法提取稻米油形成乳状液的破乳技术研究

在水酶法提取稻米油的过程中,产生大量的乳状液,降低了稻米油的提取率。为了提高水酶法提取稻米油的提取率,以破乳率为指标,研究最佳乳状液破乳技术。首先优化了酶法提取稻米油的破乳时间及破乳温度,在此基础上,比较调节pH破乳法、CaCl₂破乳法和乙醇破乳法的破乳效果,研究最佳破乳条件下乳状液粒径、Zeta电位的变化并观察破乳前后乳状液的微观结构。结果表明,稻米油乳状液最佳破乳工艺条件为采用调节pH破乳法,调节乳状液pH至7,60℃下300 r/min搅拌60 min。在最佳条件下,破乳率可达93.15%。经过破乳的乳状液油滴表面的蛋白膜被破坏,油滴之间发生聚集,平均粒径增大,Zeta电位降低。     

鸡脑蛋白水解物的研究

选用中性蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶水解鸡脑蛋白,确定最佳水解条件为:先采用中性蛋白酶于50℃,pH7.0,加酶量0.8U/mg蛋白质,底物浓度0.5%,水解4h;再用胃蛋白酶于40℃,pH1.0,加酶量8U/mg蛋白质,水解3h。在该条件下,肽得率为70.38%,水解产物的氨基酸含量为2.01%,10kDa分子量以下的肽含量为47.72%,3kDa分子量以下的肽含量为40.14%,1kDa分子量以下的肽含量为29.03%。     

水酶法提取南瓜籽油过程中乳状液酶法联合化学法破乳工艺研究

为提高水酶法提取南瓜籽油的提油率,采用地衣芽孢杆菌碱性蛋白酶并联合化学破乳法对水酶法提取南瓜籽油过程中产生的乳状液进行破乳研究。通过单素试验并结合响应曲面优化试验,得出酶法破乳的最佳工艺为:液料比0.9:1.0(mL/g)、酶添加量3 078U/g、pH 10.4、酶解温度51℃、酶解时间2.5h,验证实验得破乳率为88.39%。酶解破乳后调节pH对乳状液稳定性及破乳率影响的研究发现当酶解破乳后调节pH至4.5时,破乳率增至95.47%。     

鱿鱼副产物自溶水解过程的生化变化及其机理

系统地研究了鱿鱼加工副产物内源性蛋白酶自溶水解过程中氨基氮、总可溶性氮(TSN)、TCA可溶性氮(TCA-N)、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、pH、总酸、水解度(DH)以及游离脂肪酸的变化.确定最佳自溶水解条件为:料水比1:1、温度45℃、原始pH、水解时间39h.自溶水解39h离心后上清液中的氨基氮、TSN、TCA-N的含量分别为0.626±0.025、1.234±0.049、0.589±0.018g/100mL,TVB-N含量为59.10±1.28mg/100mL,蛋白质水解度达到23.89%±0.13%.鱿鱼加工副产物内源性蛋白酶可以较好地水解其自身蛋白质,在39h的自溶水解过程中没有腐败现象发生.     

芝麻多肽螯合钙的制备及其补钙效果研究

为充分利用芝麻渣蛋白,提高其附加值,该研究选用中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶水解从芝麻渣中提取的芝麻蛋白,以蛋白质水解度为指标,筛选出最佳蛋白酶组合.结果表明,相比单酶水解,双酶复合水解芝麻蛋白的效果更好,其中木瓜蛋白酶与风味蛋白酶的组合水解效果最好.单因素试验得到芝麻蛋白最佳水解条件:温度50℃、pH...     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.