桑葚的提取及其自由基清除活性研究

在超声波辅助下,分别以无水乙醇、丙酮、蒸馏水为提取溶剂,对桑葚果实进行提取,浓缩后分别得无水乙醇提取物AE,丙酮提取物EE,蒸馏水提取物WE,通过测定提取物对DPPH·、ABTS~+·、·OH的清除作用评价桑葚的抗氧化活性。提取物AE、EE、WE对DPPH·的IC_(50)分别为0.173、0.18、0.19 mg/m L;对ABTS~+·的IC_(50)分别为0.044、0.052、0.06 mg/m L;对·OH的IC_(50)分别为0.67、0.83、1.02 mg/m L。提取物清除DPPH·、ABTS~+·、·OH的IC_(50)值均远远小于10 mg/m L,表明桑葚提取物具有良好的自由基清除活性。试验表明溶剂对提取物清除自由基的活性有一定影响。     

山楂叶多酚的酶法提取及抗氧化活性研究

实验研究酶法提取山楂叶多酚的工艺条件,并对山楂叶多酚的体外抗氧化活性进行了探讨。结果表明,使用纤维素酶和果胶酶质量比为1:1的复合酶,其质量浓度为0.20 mg/mL时,在酶解pH4.5、酶解温度45℃下酶解120 min时多酚提取得率最大,为0.56%。体外抗氧化实验结果表明,山楂叶粗多酚具有较好的总还原能力,其清除DPPH自由基的IC_(50)值为1.02μg/mL,螯合Fe~(2+)的IC_(50)值为55.62μg/mL,清除羟自由基的IC_(50)值为11.23μg/mL,提示山楂叶多酚具有良好的抗氧化能力,有进一步开发利用的价值。     

超声细胞破碎辅助提取江永香菇多糖工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

为优化江永香菇多糖提取工艺,采用超声波细胞破碎辅以热水浸提,通过单因素试验考察超声时间、超声功率、料液比、浸提时间、浸提温度5个因素对香菇多糖得率的影响,以香菇多糖得率为响应值,采用响应面设计优化工艺,同时对提取的香菇多糖进行抗氧化活性研究。结果表明,提取的最佳工艺条件为:超声时间6 min、浸提温度78℃、浸提时间51 min。在此条件下,江永香菇多糖的得率可达到29.71%。超声波细胞破碎法辅以热水浸提得到的江永香菇多糖体外清除DPPH自由基能力的IC_(50)值为0.35 mg/mL,清除ABTS+自由基能力的IC_(50)值为1.76 mg/mL,相同浓度下,其DPPH自由基清除能力和ABTS~+自由基清除能力均高于热水回流法提取得到的江永香菇多糖。     

樟头红青皮总酚超声波提取工艺及其抗氧化性分析

采用超声波辅助提取樟头红青皮总酚,通过单因素试验,结合响应面法,确定了樟头红青皮总酚的最适提取工艺,并通过4个抗氧化体系(DPPH,ABTS~+,·OH,还原能力)来评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明:樟头红青皮总酚的最适提取工艺条件为乙醇浓度56.2%、料液比1:52、超声时间22.5 min、超声功率108.3 W、提取2次,此条件下总酚得率为25.04 mg/g。樟头红青皮总酚对DPPH、ABTS~+、·OH自由基的清除能力和还原能力低于Vc,差异极显著(P0.01);樟头红青皮总酚对DPPH、ABTS~+自由基的清除能力很强,半抑制浓度分别为1.160 mg/mL和1.477 mg/mL;在一定浓度范围内,樟头红青皮总酚浓度越高,其对·OH自由基的清除能力和还原能力越强。     

响应曲面法优化黄参茎叶多酚的提取工艺及其抗氧化活性

研究黄参茎叶多酚的超声波辅助提取工艺及抗氧化活性,以响应曲面法优化黄参茎叶多酚的超声波辅助提取工艺,同时以分光光度法测定提取物的还原力,对羟基自由基(·OH)、DPPH自由基(DPPH·)的清除作用。结果表明:黄参茎叶多酚的最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数75%、提取温度70℃、料液比(g/mL)1∶35、提取时间30 min,此时多酚得率为1.1448%;黄参茎叶多酚对羟基自由基、DPPH自由基具有良好的清除能力,同时还具有一定的还原能力,并且在0.1~0.6 mg/mL质量浓度范围内,黄参茎叶多酚对羟基自由基、DPPH自由基的清除率高于BHT,表明其具有良好的抗氧化作用,可作为天然抗氧化剂进一步开发和利用。     

超临界CO2萃取牡丹籽粕多酚工艺 及其抗氧化性评价

为充分利用牡丹籽粕中的多酚资源,采用响应面法优化超临界CO_2萃取牡丹籽粕多酚工艺,以多酚提取量为响应值,得到了乙醇(夹带剂)体积分数、萃取温度和萃取压力的最优条件;通过测定牡丹籽粕多酚对DPPH和ABTS自由基的清除能力,对其抗氧化活性进行评价。结果表明,超临界CO_2萃取最佳工艺条件为乙醇体积分数83%、萃取温度52℃、萃取压力32 MPa,此条件下牡丹籽粕多酚提取量可达18.58 mg/g;牡丹籽粕多酚和VC对DPPH·清除率的IC_(50)分别为128.22μg/mL和147.72μg/mL,对ABTS~+·清除率的IC_(50)分别为109.18μg/mL和142.66μg/mL,牡丹籽粕多酚对DPPH·和ABTS~+·的清除能力均显著强于VC。     

腰果叶多酚超声波辅助提取工艺及其抗氧化能力测定

以腰果叶为原料,采用超声波辅助手段对腰果叶多酚进行提取。在单因素试验基础上,通过响应面法优化腰果叶多酚提取工艺条件。1.0 g腰果叶粉末,所得到最优提取工艺条件为:丙酮体积分数60%、提取温度60℃、提取时间90 min,实测得率为10.29%,接近预测值10.33%。通过腰果叶多酚提取物对DPPH自由基清除能力,ABTS+自由基清除能力,铁离子还原能力,得出腰果叶多酚提取物具有抗氧化能力,相同浓度下腰果叶多酚提取物抗氧化性高于天然抗氧化剂VC。     

提取方式对玉米须总多酚抗氧化活性的影响研究

以玉米须为原料,利用酶法、微波、超声波和微波辅助超声波四种方式提取玉米须中的多酚,并研究了不同提取方式得到多酚的抗氧化活性。通过测定多酚的体外还原能力以及DPPH自由基、超氧自由基、羟基自由基和ABTS自由基的清除能力,考察四种提取方式得到多酚的抗氧化活性并进行比较。结果表明,微波辅助超声波提取得到的多酚含量最高,为1.975 mg/g;四种提取方式得到的多酚对DPPH自由基、超氧自由基、羟基自由基和ABTS自由基均具有较强的清除作用,且相关性显著,其中酶法提取多酚的清除能力均强于其余三种提取方式的清除能力,抗氧化活性由强到弱依次为酶法提取微波辅助超声波提取微波提取超声波提取。     

树莓酵素与蓝莓酵素有机酸分析及其体外抗氧化性能

研究树莓酵素和蓝莓酵素中有机酸种类与含量及其体外抗氧化性能。采用高效液相色谱法,准确地测定其有机酸含量及种类,并以还原力、DPPH自由基清除能力、超氧自由基清除能力、羟基自由基清除能力和ABTS~+自由基清除能力为抗氧化性指标,多体系地考察其体外抗氧化性能。结果表明,树莓酵素和蓝莓酵素均以酒石酸、乙酸和柠檬酸为主,同时因发酵代谢积累了少量丙酮酸、莽草酸和富马酸,而在蓝莓酵素中未检测到没食子酸。树莓酵素和蓝莓酵素的DPPH自由基清除能力、还原力、超氧自由基清除能力、羟基自由基清除能力和ABTS~+自由基清除能力均表现出浓度依赖性。在实验剂量内,树莓酵素和蓝莓酵素DPPH自由基清除能力的IC_(50)分别为2.00 mg V_C当量/m L和8.70 mg V_C当量/m L,还原力的IC_(50)分别为4.53 mg V_C当量/m L和7.62 mg V_C当量/m L,超氧自由基清除能力的IC_(50)分别为0.53 mg V_C当量/m L和2.05 mg V_C当量/m L,羟基自由基清除能力的IC_(50)分别为8.92 mg V_C当量/m L和9.14 mg V_C当量/m L,ABTS~+自由基清除能力的IC_(50)分别为3.59 mg V_C当量/m L和6.81 mg V_C当量/m L。树莓酵素有机酸种类多于蓝莓酵素,且树莓酵素的抗氧化性能优于蓝莓酵素。     

超声波辅助提取菠萝皮渣多糖及其抗氧化活性研究

采用超声波技术辅助提取菠萝皮渣多糖,利用正交设计实验优化其提取工艺,并利用体外实验研究该多糖对羟自由基(·OH)、DPPH自由基(DPPH·)的清除能力及其还原能力,以评价其抗氧化活性。研究结果表明,超声波辅助提取最佳工艺参数为:料液比1∶50(m/v),时间40 min,温度60℃,功率为570 W,该条件下多糖的得率为2.38%;在本实验浓度范围(1.50~3.50 mg/m L)内,菠萝皮渣多糖对·OH的清除率随其浓度的增加而增加,但清除能力均低于同浓度VC,清除DPPH·自由基的IC_(50)为2.47 mg/m L,对Fe~(3+)的还原能力随多糖浓度的增加而增加。可见,超声波辅助提取工艺效果较好,能缩短提取时间,提高菠萝皮渣多糖的得率;体外抗氧化实验表明菠萝皮渣多糖具有一定的抗氧化活性。从菠萝皮渣中提取活性多糖,可以变废为宝,实现菠萝资源的高值化利用。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.