玉米胚芽蛋白水解物的抗氧化活性研究

以玉米胚芽蛋白水解物为底物,通过对其羟基自由基清除能力、超氧阴离子自由基清除能力、二苯基苦味酸基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除能力、Cu2+螯合能力、在亚油酸体系中的抗氧化性、油脂过氧化值(POV)等指标的测定,研究玉米胚芽蛋白水解物的抗氧化活性.结果表明,玉米胚芽蛋白水解物对羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、DPPH自由基具有一定的清除能力,且浓度为6mg/mL时,清除效果最好;对Cu2+具有螯合能力,并且螯合能力随着玉米胚芽蛋白水解物浓度的增加而呈上升趋势;对亚油酸氧化具有抑制作用,作用效果与剂量成正相关,同时对油脂的POV值具有抑制作用,浓度为0.1％时抑制作用最强.     

玉米抗氧化肽Leu-Pro-Phe抗氧化稳定性研究

以从玉米蛋白粉中分离纯化得到的玉米抗氧肽Leu-Pro-Phe为研究对象,探讨温度、p H、食品配料、金属离子和胃肠道消化酶对Leu-Pro-Phe清除DPPH和ABTS自由基能力的影响。结果表明:玉米抗氧化肽LeuPro-Phe具有较好的热稳定性,在100℃下处理5 h仍能保持较好的自由基清除活性。Leu-Pro-Phe具有良好的耐酸、耐碱性,酸性和碱性环境均未破坏其结构,其中碱性环境有助于其清除ABTS自由基。食品配料对LeuPro-Phe的抗氧化活性影响显著,其中蔗糖、Na Cl和柠檬酸能极显著(P0.01)地提高其DPPH自由基清除活性。常见的金属离子对Leu-Pro-Phe抗氧化活性的影响不一,K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Zn2+和Cu2+均能显著(P0.05)影响LeuPro-Phe的DPPH自由基清除活性,而其ABTS自由基清除活性仅对Cu2+敏感,高浓度的Cu2+能显著(P0.05)抑制其清除活性。体外消化试验表明:Leu-Pro-Phe具有一定的抗消化能力,经胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶消化后仍保持较高的自由基清除活性。     

大米蛋白体外消化产物抗氧化活性的研究

为了研究大米清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白体外消化产物的抗氧化活性,用Osborne法从大米粉中提取大米四种蛋白。采用胃-胰蛋白酶分步酶解,选择DPPH·,ABTS+·,·OH自由基清除能力和Fe2+金属离子螯合能力四个指标对消化产物的抗氧化活性进行综合评价。与市售的大豆肽比较,大米四种蛋白经模拟体外消化后具有良好的抗氧化活性。其中醇溶蛋白的消化产物抗氧化活性最好,DPPH·,ABTS+·,·OH自由基清除能力和Fe2+金属离子螯合能力的半抑制浓度分别为30.88 mg/m L、27.61 mg/m L、5.43mg/m L、0.18 mg/m L。大米四种蛋白酶解产物的Fe2+螯合能力半抑制浓度均小于1 mg/m L,具有良好的Fe2+螯合能力。研究结果表明大米四种蛋白的体外消化酶解物具有不同大小的抗氧化活性,分子量集中在181~1000 Da范围内,是一种易于被人体吸收的抗氧化肽。     

模拟胃肠消化对牡蛎低聚肽抗氧化活性的影响

以去壳牡蛎肉为原料通过酶解法制备牡蛎低聚肽,并通过体外模拟消化试验,对比消化前后牡蛎低聚肽分子量分布、DPPH自由基清除能力、羟自由基(·OH)清除能力、ABTS自由基清除能力、氧自由基吸收能力(ORAC)变化,探究牡蛎低聚肽经模拟胃、肠道消化后抗氧化活性的变化。试验结果显示,牡蛎低聚肽的相对分子量主要在1 000 Da以下,胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶消化后重均分子量下降不超过8.2%;胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶消化后,DPPH自由基清除率降低分别不超过7.9%,8.7%;胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶消化后,·OH清除率降低分别不超过9.3%,3.8%;胃蛋白酶消化后,ABTS自由基清除率降低9.2%,胰蛋白酶消化后,ABTS自由基清除率提高3.6%;胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶消化后,ORAC值分别提高11.5%,1.3%。胃肠消化对牡蛎低聚肽的抗氧化活性评价各指标均无显著性影响(P＞0.05)。说明牡蛎低聚肽具有较好的综合抗氧化活性和稳定性。     

热处理对过氧自由基氧化米糠蛋白体外胰蛋白酶消化性质及消化产物抗氧化性的影响

选用不同浓度的2,2’-盐酸脒基丙烷(2,2’-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride,AAPH)在有氧条件下热降解生成的过氧自由基氧化米糠蛋白,再通过95℃水浴处理氧化米糠蛋白,研究热处理对过氧自由基氧化米糠蛋白体外胰蛋白酶消化性质及消化产物抗氧化性的影响。结果表明:随着AAPH浓度的增加,过氧自由基氧化米糠蛋白体外胰蛋白酶消化率、初始消化速率、消化产物分子质量分布在500～1 500 u的肽含量、消化产物清除ABTS~+·、·OH、O~-_2·能力和还原能力均先上升后下降,消化产物清除DPPH·能力和金属螯合能力先不变后下降;而热处理后,氧化米糠蛋白体外胰蛋白酶消化产物金属螯合能力先上升后下降,ABTS~+·清除能力和还原能力先不变后下降。同未热处理相比,热处理显著提高了相同氧化程度下米糠蛋白体外胰蛋白酶消化率、初始消化速率以及消化产物抗氧化性。表明过氧自由基氧化会改变米糠蛋白体外胰蛋白酶的消化性质,而热处理可以改善相同氧化程度下米糠蛋白体外胰蛋白酶的消化率和消化产物的抗氧化性。     

二步酶解法制备鱼鳞明胶抗氧化肽及其抗氧化活性研究

通过碱性蛋白酶进行第一步酶解,胰蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶分别进行第二步酶解制备鱼鳞明胶抗氧化肽。结果表明,二步酶解法能有效提高酶解物的水解度,降低水解物的分子量,碱性蛋白酶—胰蛋白酶水解物具有显著的自由基清除能力和Fe~(2+)螯合能力。通过响应面优化的胰蛋白酶最佳二步酶解工艺为:底物浓度100 mg/mL、pH 7.8、温度53℃、时间50min,该条件下制备的水解物的Fe~(2+)螯合率为65.72%,清除DPPH·、·OH和O_2~-·的IC_(50)值分别是7.39,0.68,1.84mg/mL。     

玉米蛋白水解物对Caco-2细胞的抗氧化作用研究

试验以挤压膨化蒸煮后的玉米蛋白粉为原料,经双酶(复合蛋白酶-碱性蛋白酶)顺次水解后,得到抗氧化活性良好的玉米蛋白水解物;模拟体外胃肠消化情况,分析其经胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶作用后消化液的抗氧化活性变化。结果表明,经胃肠消化后,抗氧化活性明显增强,亚铁离子螯合能力提高81.52%,·DPPH自由基清除率提高12.63%;将玉米蛋白水解物直接作用Caco-2细胞,通过200μmol/L H_2O_2作用细胞4 h,研究作用后细胞内的ROS含量。试验结果表明, Caco-2细胞经玉米蛋白水解物作用150 min后,细胞内活性氧含量均降低,当玉米蛋白水解物蛋白浓度为5μg/mL时,细胞内ROS荧光值从32 235降低到11 168.5,明显清除了细胞内ROS含量。     

过氧自由基氧化对米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化性质的影响

采用不同浓度的2,2'-盐酸脒基丙烷(AAPH)有氧热分解产生的过氧自由基氧化米糠蛋白,研究过氧自由基氧化对米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化和消化产物抗氧化性质的影响。结果表明:随着AAPH浓度的增加,米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化率和初始消化速率先上升后下降,在AAPH浓度为1 mmol/L时达到最大值;过氧自由基氧化米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化产物中分子质量分布在500～1 500 u的肽含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在AAPH浓度为1 mmol/L时达到最大值25.19%。随着AAPH浓度的增加,过氧自由基氧化米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化产物清除ABTS~+·、DPPH·、·OH、O_2~-·的能力以及金属螯合能力、还原能力均先上升后下降,最大值均出现在AAPH浓度为1 mmol/L时。结果表明,过氧自由基轻度氧化可提高米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化率和消化产物的抗氧化性,而过度氧化则降低米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化率和消化产物的抗氧化性。     

热处理对丙二醛氧化米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化性质的影响

采用不同浓度的丙二醛氧化米糠蛋白,通过95℃水浴热处理氧化米糠蛋白,研究热处理对丙二醛氧化米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化性以及消化产物抗氧化性的影响。结果表明:随着丙二醛浓度的增加,米糠蛋白羰基和二硫键含量增加,游离巯基含量下降,证实丙二醛致米糠蛋白氧化。随着丙二醛浓度增加,米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化率、初始消化速率和消化产物中分子质量分布在500～1 500 u的活性肽含量均逐渐下降。同时,米糠体外胃蛋白酶消化产物ABTS~+·,DPPH·,·OH和O_2~-·清除能力、金属螯合能力以及还原能力持续下降。热处理可提高米糠蛋白的体外胃蛋白酶消化率、初始消化速率以及消化产物中活性肽含量和抗氧化性。结论:丙二醛氧化可降低米糠蛋白的消化性以及消化产物的抗氧化性,适当的加热处理可在一定程度上增强米糠蛋白的消化性以及消化产物的抗氧化性。     

马铃薯蛋白水解物的抗氧化性与其组成的相关性

以Fenton体系催化氧化,以脂肪氧化产物丙二醛为指标,考察了不同水解时间(0·5、1、6h)马铃薯蛋白水解物对大豆油O/W氧化稳定性的影响。1h马铃薯水解物表现了较好的抗氧化作用。将1h马铃薯蛋白水解物用G15凝胶色谱进行分离得到三个不同分子量的组分。分子量较小的组分表现出了更高的ABTS自由基清除能力和亚铁螯合能力。对这些组分进行的氨基酸分析表明,抗氧化活性较高的组分含有较高含量的易氧化氨基酸。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.