高压液相色谱-串联质谱法检测食物中毒样品中的乌头碱

目的 建立引起食物中毒的芝麻糊中乌头碱的高压液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)测定方法。方法 样品经0.1%甲酸-2 mmol/L甲酸铵缓冲溶液振荡提取后, 离心、过滤, 以等体积比的甲醇和甲酸-甲酸铵缓冲溶液为流动相, 经C18色谱柱分离后以多反应监测质谱测定。结果 方法的线性范围为1~1000 μg/L, 线性相关系数为0.999, 最低定量浓度(LOQ)为10 μg/kg, 在50~5000 μg/kg添加水平下平均回收率为82%~94%, 相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.9%~7.4%。结论 该方法能够满足食物中毒样品中乌头碱的检测。     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定大米中30种农药残留

采用QuEChERS前处理技术,结合超高效液相色谱串联质谱联用仪,建立大米中30种农药残留的测定方法。优化样品的提取溶剂、净化方式、液相色谱的分离条件和质谱参数等技术指标,采用优化后的条件,大米样品经1%乙酸乙腈提取,QuEChERS法净化后,用0.1%甲酸水（含2mmol/L甲酸铵）和甲醇为流动相,经Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.8 μm)分离, 采用电喷雾电离(electrospray ionization, ESI)和多离子检测模式(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)进行检测, 基质外标法定量。30种农药的质量浓度在0.001~0.050 mg/L内与峰响应呈线性关系,线性相关系数均大于0.995,定量限（10S/N）在0.02~2.98 μg/kg,在3~30μg/kg添加浓度范围内, 平均回收率在70.3%~109.8%,相对标准偏差在1.1%~11.4%。该方法操作简单,方法稳健可行,可用于大米中农药残留的监测。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定双壳类水产品麻痹性贝类毒素

目的采用Supelco ENVI-Carb柱净化双壳类水产品中的麻痹性贝类毒素(PSP),建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法检测双壳类水产品中的PSP,为水产品中的PSP检测提供方法依据。方法选用色谱柱TSK-GEL Amide-80(2.0 mm×250 mm,5μm),以2 mmol/L甲酸铵-50 mmol/L甲酸水和95%乙腈水(含2 mmol/L甲酸铵-50 mmol/L甲酸)为流动相,采用梯度洗脱进行分离。样品用1%乙酸溶液进行提取,上清液加入氨水后(pH=4.0)经Supelco ENVI-Carb柱净化,将洗脱液抽干收集,上机测定。多重反应监测(MRM)模式检测。结果PSP的线性范围为8.1~705.0μg/kg,检出限为10~35μg/kg,回收率在47.0%~91.3%之间。结论本方法提取效果好、基质效应小,适用于双壳类水产品中麻痹性贝类毒素的痕量检测。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测蜂蜜中氟苯尼考及其代谢物残留量

目的 建立液相色谱-串联质谱法检测蜂蜜中氟苯尼考及其代谢物残留量的分析方法。方法 样品经氨化乙酸乙酯提取,通过DPC-2固相萃取柱净化,采用Poroshell 120 EC-C18柱分离,以10 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾正/负离子切换,多反应监测模式检测,同位素内标法定量。结果 氟苯尼考在0.2～30 μg/L时具有良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.999,检出限为0.05 μg/kg,回收率为85.5%~116.3%,相对标准偏差小于10%。氟苯尼考胺在1～30 μg/L时具有良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.999,检出限为0.3 μg/kg,回收率为85.6%~113.5%,相对标准偏差小于10%。结论 该方法快速、准确、灵敏, 适用于蜂蜜中氟苯尼考及其代谢物残留量的测定。     

QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联质谱法测定香肠和火腿肠制品中13种N-亚硝胺化合物

目的 建立采用快速基质分散净化QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safety)-气相色谱-串联质谱法(gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, GC-MS/MS)快速测定香肠和火腿肠制品中13种N-亚硝胺类化合物的分析方法。方法 样品加入内标, 经乙腈提取, QuCEhERS萃取盐包和基质分散净化包净化, 采用DB-WAXETR(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm)色谱柱分离, 在多反应监测模式(mult-reaction monitoring, MRM)下测定, 内标法定量。结果 13种N-亚硝胺化合物在1~100 μg/L范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数(r)均大于0.99, 定量限为0.03~2.84 μg/kg; 添加水平为3~30 μg/kg, 平均回收率为59.1%~119.2%, 相对标准偏差为0.6%~15.1% (n=6)。结论 该方法简单准确、灵敏度高、重复性好, 适用于批量肉制品样品中13种N-亚硝胺类化合物的快速检测。     

分散固相萃取-超高压液相色谱-串联质谱法测定黄瓜中的嗪胺灵

目的 建立黄瓜中嗪胺灵残留的液质串联快速分析检测方法。方法 样品中的嗪胺灵经乙腈提取用N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)和石墨化碳黑(GCB)净化, 利用超高压液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)在多反应监测模式下进行检测。结果 以碎片离子对 432.8>212.9、432.8>82.9定性、离子对432.8>97.8进行外标法定量。仪器在0.01~1.00 mg/kg范围内, 具有良好线性关系。在0.02~1.00 mg/kg添加水平范围内, 嗪胺灵在黄瓜中的平均回收率为85.3%~92.2%, 其相对标准偏差为2.8%~7.5%。该方法的检出限(LOD)为2.0 μg/kg, 定量限为(LOQ)为20 μg/kg。结论 本方法简便、快速、准确, 能满足国内外法规的要求, 可用于黄瓜样品中嗪胺灵的农药残留确证检测。     

一步式QuEChERS方法结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定牛肉中25种磺胺类药物残留

建立了一种基于一步式QuEChERS自动提取和净化的技术,结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱（high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS/MS）同时检测牛肉中25种磺胺类药物残留的检测方法。样品经1%乙酸-乙腈提取,以C₁₈、PSA和无水硫酸镁为净化吸附剂,采用一步式QuEChERS自动化前处理设备提取、净化、离心,经C₁₈色谱柱进行分离,以0.2%甲酸甲醇?0.2%甲酸水（含2 mmol/L乙酸铵）为流动相梯度洗脱,ESI正离子模式扫描,多反应监测（Multi-reaction monitoring, MRM）测定,外标法定量。结果表明,所有化合物在0.1~20 μg/L的浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数不低于0.990,检出限（LOD）为0.1~3 μg/kg,定量限（LOQ）为1~10 μg/kg。在1、2和10倍LOQ三个加标浓度水平下,目标化合物的平均回收率范围为70.14%~116.93%,相对标准偏差（RSD）范围为0.95%~13.74%（n=5）。该方法简单快速、准确可靠、可用于检测牛肉中磺胺类药物的残留。     

改良QuEChERS结合超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法测定果蔬中15种植物生长调节剂残留

基于改良的QuEChERS方法,建立超高效液相色谱-四级杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法(UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS)快速筛查和测定果蔬中15种植物生长调节剂残留的方法。样品以1%乙酸乙腈提取,多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)净化,采用Hypersil GOLD aq C₁₈色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.9 μm)进行分离,乙腈和水(含0.1%甲酸-5 mmol/L甲酸铵)为流动相梯度洗脱,质谱采用全扫描/数据依赖的二级扫描模式,基质匹配校准曲线定量。结果显示:15种化合物在2.0~500.0 μg/L范围内,线性关系良好(r>0.990);在3个加标水平下,平均回收率为70.3%~107.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.4%~9.9%,定量限为10.0~20.0 μg/kg。该方法简单,灵敏度高,准确可靠,可对果蔬中植物生长调节剂进行快速筛查和定量分析。     

分散固相萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定草莓及土壤中5种杀菌剂

目的 建立分散固相萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱分析法同时检测5种不同类型杀菌剂(五氯硝基苯、百菌清、氟吡菌酰胺、肟菌酯、咪鲜胺)的含量。方法 样品经10 mL乙酸乙酯提取, N-丙基乙二胺与C18(50 mg: 50 mg)分散固相萃取混合净化。采用多反应监测模式进行定性, 外标法进行定量分析。结果 5种杀菌剂在1~1000 μg/L浓度范围内呈线性, 相关系数为0.9802~0.9996。空白样品在10、100和200 μg/kg添加浓度下的回收率为84%~119%, 相对标准偏差为1%~17%(n=3), 方法定量限为最小添加浓度10 μg/kg。结论 该方法能够满足土壤和草莓样品中痕量杀菌剂检测的要求。     

改进的QuEChERS-气相色谱-质谱法测定中式腊肉中8 种挥发性N-亚硝胺

基于改进的QuEChERS法建立测定中式腊肉中8 种挥发性N-亚硝胺的气相色谱-质谱检测方法,并应用于市售样品的初步风险评估。样品经乙腈超声提取、冷冻和N-丙基乙二胺净化后水浴氮吹浓缩定容至微量体积;目标物经极性毛细管柱分离后以选择离子监测模式和外标法定量。结果表明,8 种N-亚硝胺在对应质量浓度范围内线性关系良好（R2＞0.997）,基质效应为0.86～0.98;检出限为0.05～0.14 μg/kg,定量限为0.15～0.47 μg/kg;低、中、高3 个含量（0.3、1.0、3.0 μg/kg）加标回收实验的平均回收率为71.3%～94.1%,相对标准偏差（n=6）为0.4%～11.2%;12 份代表性市售样品中仅1 份样品的N-亚硝基二乙胺含量（3.06 μg/kg）超标,其余均低于单项和总挥发性N-亚硝胺的限量水平（3.0 μg/kg和10.0 μg/kg）。该方法净化效果好、成本低,检测灵敏、结果准确,适用于中式腊肉中8 种挥发性N-亚硝胺的检测;目前市售中式腊肉中N-亚硝胺的风险水平整体较低。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.