全身麻醉药物对学习记忆功能的影响

全身麻醉药物通过对中枢多种神经递质和受体系统的影响,调节神经突触传递可塑性的改变,从而对学习记忆功能产生广泛作用.深入考察全身麻醉药物对学习记忆功能的影响,将为合理解释术中残留记忆和术后认知功能障碍的发生机制,婴幼儿和老年痴呆患者手术期间选择合适的全身麻醉药物和方法提供借鉴.     

全身麻醉术对不同年龄患者记忆功能的影响及相关因素分析

目的通过观察不同年龄组患者在全身麻醉术后认知功能的状态,分析全身麻醉手术对各年龄组患者记忆功能影响的异同及相关因素。方法选择42例无神经、精神系统疾病史或服用相应药物的择期非心脏外科手术患者,施行全身麻醉。患者在术前、术后1周及术后3个月进行韦氏记忆量表测试评分,并结合麻醉术中的有关参数进行分析。结果（1）全身麻醉术后第7天患者与术前患者的触觉、记忆商数差值同术中患者的最高收缩压呈正相关性（r=0.320、0.327,均P〈0.05）,1～100计数的差值与年龄呈正相关性（r=0.510,P〈0.01）,积累的差值与最低舒张压呈负相关性（r=-0.386,P〈0.05）,再生的差值与输液量呈正相关性（r=0.348,P〈0.05）;（2）全身麻醉术后第7天韦氏记忆量表测试,老年组总分值较术前有明显下降（P〈0.01）。（3）术后3个月3组患者的韦氏记忆量表测试结果均已经恢复或接近原来的水平。结论（1）全身麻醉术对患者认知功能影响在排除年龄对记忆的影响作用之后,未能提示全身麻醉术对老年患者认知功能有不同于中青年人群的特殊影响;（2）全身麻醉术中维持相对稳定的血压,保持适当的输液量可能有助于减少全身麻醉对记忆功能的影响作用。     

全身麻醉药对生长发育期个体认知的影响

随着麻醉学科的不断发展,麻醉技术的提高,小儿麻醉的病死率明显下降。全身麻醉药主要通过改变氨酪酸和N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸等受体的传递而阻断或减慢兴奋信号的传递,从而产生中枢抑制作用。近年来,研究发现幼年动物在接受全身麻醉后发生了神经细胞凋亡。深入了解全身麻醉药物对学习记忆功能的影响,将有助于合理解释术后认知功能障碍的发生机制,这一机制的阐明可能对幼年个体用药的合理选择具有指导意义。     

硬膜外麻醉与全身麻醉对老年患者术后认知功能的影响

目的:对比分析硬膜外麻醉和全身麻醉对老年患者术后认知功能的影响。方法:本研究随机选取我院2012年2月~2013年3月我院收治的120例手术老年患者为研究对象,将其随机分为2组,每组60例,对照组采用全身麻醉,观察组采用硬膜外麻醉,采用韦氏记忆量表(WMS)、简易智力状态检查表(MMES)评估患者手术前后3d认知功能改善情况。方法:观察组术后1~3d记忆经历、记忆积累、记忆图片、记忆再认、记忆触觉等方面明显改善,评分差异显著(P0.05);观察组MMES评分明显高于对照组(P0.05);观察组POCD发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:硬膜外麻醉对老年患者术后认知功能影响明显轻于全身麻醉,患者术后认知功能恢复情况良好,术后认知功能发生率低,同时不会增加麻醉剂量,深受老年患者和临床医师的认可和青睐,值得在临床上广泛的推广和应用。     

吸入麻醉与术后认知功能障碍的关系

术后认知功能障碍（postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD）是老年患者术后常见的并发症,多发生于全身麻醉后。影响POCD的相关因素有很多,其中老龄是POCD的首要危险因素。很多研究显示麻醉也是影响POCD的一个重要因素。报道称,麻醉方式对于POCD并无大的影响,而麻醉药物却能够通过很多的机制影响认知功能。其中,吸入麻醉药,尤其是异氟醚和七氟烷的作用机制得到了广泛的研究。相关研究发现,吸入麻醉药对于认知功能的作用与药物浓度有关。使用高浓度吸入麻醉药可以引起学习和记忆功能减弱;而低浓度的吸入麻醉药有缓解β样淀粉酶沉积,促进学习记忆的作用,但其机制需深入的研究。     

呼吸道黏液纤毛传输系统功能与全身麻醉

呼吸道黏液纤毛传输系统具有重要的防御功能。全身麻醉期间的多种因素都可能对呼吸道黏液纤毛传输系统功能产生影响,从而引发或加重术后病人的呼吸系统并发症,甚至增加术后死亡率。其中全身麻醉药物的影响更加引人关注。本文总结了呼吸道黏液纤毛传输系统的功能与影响因素,尤其是就近年来关于全身麻醉药物对纤毛功能的影响的研究作了回顾分析。目前通过采用不断更新的研究手段,可望明确全身麻醉对呼吸道黏液纤毛传输系统的影响,并通过机制探索实现对呼吸道防御功能的保护。     

全身麻醉药物与术后认知功能障碍的研究进展

目前术后认知功能障碍（POCD）的发病机制尚不清楚,影响因素很多,包括患者年龄、麻醉、手术方式、麻醉药物等。全身麻醉药物作用于中枢多种神经递质和受体系统,因而对认知功能产生广泛的影响。由于对全身麻醉作用机制的深入研究和认知功能障碍发病机制的进一步探索,全身麻醉药对认知功能的影响机制也将逐步明确．从而使临床麻醉医生更加合理地选用全身麻醉药。     

全身麻醉药物对小儿及幼年动物中枢神经系统影响的研究进展

在使用全身麻醉药物后会出现长期甚至是永久性的神经系统损伤。全身麻醉药物可导致老年手术患者出现术后认知功能障碍已得到证实,但对小儿中枢神经系统是否有影响一直是人们关注的问题。该文就全身麻醉药物对小儿及幼年动物中枢神经系统影响的研究进展作一综述。     

全麻药物对学习记忆等认知功能的影响

目的 全麻药物主要是通过影响中枢不同部位的递质和受体而发挥作用，包括对中枢神经系统兴奋性突触传递的抑制作用和，或抑制性突触传递的兴奋作用，影响神经突触传递，以及调节部分细胞离子通道活性而产生麻醉效应；全麻药物除产生麻醉作用外，还可调节神经突触传递可塑性，从而对学习记忆等认知功能产生影响。目前临床使用的大部分全麻药物都可通过不同的机制，对学习记忆等认知功能产生某种程度的影响，深入研究将会进一步加深人们对全麻药物作用机理的认识，同时对合理解释全麻药物所产生的临床麻醉现象，为手术期间合理选择全麻药物，避免其副作用等都具有重要意义。     

全身麻醉药物对小儿及幼年动物中枢神经系统影响的研究进展

在使用全身麻醉药物后会出现长期甚至是永久性的神经系统损伤.全身麻醉药物可导致老年手术患者出现术后认知功能障碍已得到证实,但对小儿中枢神经系统是否有影响一直是人们关注的问题.该文就全身麻醉药物对小儿及幼年动物中枢神经系统影响的研究进展作一综述.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.