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1.
Hideaki Kaneto Tomohiko Kimura Atsushi Obata Masashi Shimoda Kohei Kaku 《International journal of molecular sciences》2021,22(5)
While there are various kinds of drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus at present, in this review article, we focus on metformin which is an insulin sensitizer and is often used as a first-choice drug worldwide. Metformin mainly activates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the liver which leads to suppression of fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis. Metformin activates AMPK in skeletal muscle as well, which increases translocation of glucose transporter 4 to the cell membrane and thereby increases glucose uptake. Further, metformin suppresses glucagon signaling in the liver by suppressing adenylate cyclase which leads to suppression of gluconeogenesis. In addition, metformin reduces autophagy failure observed in pancreatic β-cells under diabetic conditions. Furthermore, it is known that metformin alters the gut microbiome and facilitates the transport of glucose from the circulation into excrement. It is also known that metformin reduces food intake and lowers body weight by increasing circulating levels of the peptide hormone growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). Furthermore, much attention has been drawn to the fact that the frequency of various cancers is lower in subjects taking metformin. Metformin suppresses the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) by activating AMPK in pre-neoplastic cells, which leads to suppression of cell growth and an increase in apoptosis in pre-neoplastic cells. It has been shown recently that metformin consumption potentially influences the mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19). Taken together, metformin is an old drug, but multifaceted mechanisms of action of metformin have been unraveled one after another in its long history. 相似文献
2.
Pregnancy by Assisted Reproductive Technology Is Associated with Shorter Telomere Length in Neonates
Toshiko Minamoto Kentaro Nakayama Tomoka Ishibashi Masako Ishikawa Kohei Nakamura Hitomi Yamashita Kamrunnahar Shanta Hossain Mohammad Mahmud Sultana Razia Kouji Iida Gyosuke Sakashita Tsukasa Nakamura Hideyuki Kanda Satoru Kyo 《International journal of molecular sciences》2020,21(24)
Telomere length (TL) influences the development of lifestyle-related diseases, and neonatal TL may influence their prevalence. Various factors have been reported to affect neonatal TL. Although the fetus is exposed to multiple conditions in utero, the main factors affecting the shortening of neonatal TL are still not known. In this study, we sought to identify factors that influence fetal TL. A total of 578 mother-newborn pairs were included for TL analysis. TL was measured in genomic DNA extracted from cord blood samples using quantitative PCR. The clinical factors examined at enrollment included the following intrauterine environmental factors: maternal age, assisted reproductive technology (ART) used, body mass index (BMI), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), maternal stress, smoking, alcohol consumption, preterm delivery, small-for-gestational-age, neonatal sex, and placental weight. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to verify the relationship between neonatal TL and these clinical factors. The median neonatal TL to single-copy gene ratio was 1.0. Pregnancy with ART was among the 11 factors associated with shorter neonatal TL. From multiple regression analysis, we determined that neonatal TL was significantly shorter for pregnancies in the ART group than in the other groups. We conclude that pregnancy with ART is associated with shorter neonatal TL. 相似文献
3.
4.
Ryo Hashikawa Yasuhiro Fujii Atsushi Kinomura Takeshi Saito Arifumi Okada Takashi Wakasugi Kohei Kadono 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2019,102(4):1642-1651
Radiophotoluminescence phenomena have been widely investigated on various types of materials for dosimetry applications. We report that an aluminoborosilicate glass containing 0.005 mol% copper exhibits intense photoluminescence in the visible region induced by X-ray and γ-ray irradiation. The luminescence is assigned to the 3d94s1 → 3d10 transition of Cu+. The proportionality of the intensity of the induced photoluminescence to the irradiation dose was confirmed up to 0.5 kGy using 60Co γ-ray irradiation. Based on the spectroscopic results, a potential mechanism was proposed for the enhancement of the photoluminescence. The exposure to the ionizing radiation generates electron-hole pairs in the glass, and the electrons are subsequently captured by the Cu2+ ions, which are converted to Cu+ and emit the luminescence. For the glass containing 0.01 mol% copper, the pronounced enhancement of the photoluminescence was not observed because the reverse reaction, ie, the capture of the holes by the Cu+ ions, becomes prominent. The photoluminescence induced by the irradiation was stably observed for the glasses kept at room temperature and even for the glasses heat-treated at 150°C. However, the induced photoluminescence could be eliminated by the heat treatment at a temperature at 500°C, and the glass returned to the initial pre-irradiation state. The Cu-doped aluminoborosilicate glass is a potential candidate for use in dosimetry applications. 相似文献
5.
Evaluation of standing‐sitting support system with passive rotational seat mechanism in standing motion 下载免费PDF全文
Hiroyuki Sogo Tomohiro Henmi Shinichiro Shobako Kohei Ishii Suguru Eto Yuta Ogata 《Electrical Engineering in Japan》2018,205(2):16-25
Since a decrease in muscle mass of elderly people, the physical burden of them in standing‐sitting motion of a seat are increasing than young people. For this problem, several standing‐sitting support systems have been developed, and evaluations of these systems focusing on a reduction of physical load have been discussed. However, these evaluations are of support systems with an active actuators or of support systems when they use a handrail and a standing aid. Thus, an evaluation of a support system with only passive actuators has not been reported. In this paper, in standing motion with using a standing‐sitting support system with passive rotational seat mechanism which our group proposes, we objectively evaluate an effectiveness of the passive rotational seat mechanism by statistical analysis. 相似文献
6.
Thermal Stability,Optical Transmittance,and Refractive Index Dispersion of La2O3–Nb2O5–Al2O3 Glasses 下载免费PDF全文
Kohei Yoshimoto Atsunobu Masuno Hiroyuki Inoue Yasuhiro Watanabe 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2015,98(2):402-407
La2O3–Nb2O5–Al2O3 high‐refractive‐index glasses were fabricated by containerless processing, and the glass‐forming region was determined. The thermal stability, density, optical transmittance, and the refractive index dispersion of these glasses were investigated. All the glasses were colorless and transparent in the visible to near infrared (NIR) region and had high refractive index with low wavelength dispersion. Some of these glasses were found to have significantly high glass‐forming ability. These results indicate that the ternary glasses are suitable for optical applications in the visible to NIR region. The effects of the substitution of Al2O3 for Nb2O5 on optical properties were discussed on the basis of the Drude–Voigt equation. It was suggested that the substitution of Al2O3 for Nb2O5 increased the molecular density and suppressed a decrease in the refractive index, even when both the average oscillator strength and inherent absorption wavelength decreased in La2O3–Nb2O5–Al2O3 glasses. These results are helpful for designing new optical glasses controlled to have a higher refractive index and lower wavelength dispersion. 相似文献
7.
Yoshihito Nakagawa Yukihiro Akao Kohei Taniguchi Akemi Kamatani Tomomitsu Tahara Toshiaki Kamano Naoko Nakano Naruomi Komura Hirokazu Ikuno Takafumi Ohmori Yasutaka Jodai Masahiro Miyata Mistuo Nagasaka Tomoyuki Shibata Naoki Ohmiya Ichiro Hirata 《International journal of molecular sciences》2015,16(1):1526-1543
Accumulating data indicates that certain microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are differently expressed in samples of tumors and paired non-tumorous samples taken from the same patients with colorectal tumors. We examined the expression of onco-related miRNAs in 131 sporadic exophytic adenomas or early cancers and in 52 sporadic flat elevated adenomas or early cancers to clarify the relationship between the expression of the miRNAs and the endoscopic morphological appearance of the colorectal tumors. The expression levels of miR-143, -145, and -34a were significantly reduced in most of the exophytic tumors compared with those in the flat elevated ones. In type 2 cancers, the miRNA expression profile was very similar to that of the exophytic tumors. The expression levels of miR-7 and -21 were significantly up-regulated in some flat elevated adenomas compared with those in exophytic adenomas. In contrast, in most of the miR-143 and -145 down-regulated cases of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and in some of the de novo types of carcinoma, the up-regulation of oncogenic miR-7 and/or -21 contributed to the triggering mechanism leading to the carcinogenetic process. These findings indicated that the expression of onco-related miRNA was associated with the morphological appearance of colorectal tumors. 相似文献
8.
3D Micromolding of Arrayed Waveguide Gratings on Upconversion Luminescent Layers for Flexible Transparent Displays without Mirrors,Electrodes, and Electric Circuits 下载免费PDF全文
Satoshi Watanabe Takeo Asanuma Takafumi Sasahara Hiroshi Hyodo Mutsuyoshi Matsumoto Kohei Soga 《Advanced functional materials》2015,25(28):4390-4396
A new technique for the fabrication of arrayed waveguide gratings on upconversion luminescent layers for flexible transparent displays is reported. Ho3+‐ and Yb3+‐codoped NaYF4 nanoparticles are synthesized by hydrothermal techniques. Transparent films consisting of two transparent polymers on the NaYF4 nanoparticle films exhibit mechanical flexibility and high transparence in visible region. Patterned NaYF4 nanoparticle films are fabricated by calcination‐free micromolding in capillaries. Arrayed waveguide gratings consisting of the two transparent polymers are formed on the patterned NaYF4 nanoparticle films by micromolding in capillaries. Green and red luminescence is observed from the upconversion luminescent layers of the NaYF4 nanoparticle films in the arrayed waveguide gratings under excitation at 980 nm laser light. Arrayed waveguide gratings on the upconversion luminescent layers are fabricated with Er3+‐doped NaYF4 nanoparticles which can convert two photons at 850 and 1500 nm into single photon at 550 nm. These results demonstrate that flexible transparent displays can be fabricated by constructing arrayed waveguide gratings on upconversion luminescent layers, which can operate in nonprojection mode without mirrors, transparent electrodes, and electric circuits. 相似文献
9.
Flexible Electronics: 3D Micromolding of Arrayed Waveguide Gratings on Upconversion Luminescent Layers for Flexible Transparent Displays without Mirrors,Electrodes, and Electric Circuits (Adv. Funct. Mater. 28/2015) 下载免费PDF全文
10.
Hee-Youb Song Tomokazu Fukutsuka Kohei Miyazaki Takeshi Abe 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2016,46(11):1099-1107