Control of polyaniline conductivity and contact angles by partial protonation

Many studies require a specific value of conductivity when investigating conducting polymers. The conductivity of polyaniline can efficiently be controlled by partial protonation of the polyaniline base. Although this is a simple task in principle, practical guidelines are missing. In the present study, the changes in the conductivity of polyaniline base after immersion in aqueous solutions of various acids are reported. Polyaniline base has been reprotonated in aqueous solutions of picric, camphorsulfonic and phosphoric acids. The conductivity of partially reprotonated polyaniline varied between 10⁻⁹ and 10⁰ S cm⁻¹. The relation between the pH of a phosphoric acid solution, which was in equilibrium with polyaniline, and the conductivity σ is pH = 0.77 − 0.64 log(σ [S cm⁻¹]). The wettability, i.e. water contact angles, can similarly be set by partial protonation to between 78° for polyaniline base and 44° for polyaniline reprotonated in 1 mol L⁻¹ phosphoric acid. In solutions of picric acid, the transition from the non‐conducting to the conducting state occurs over a narrow range of acid concentrations, and the tuning of conductivity is consequently difficult. Phosphoric acid is well suited for the control of conductivity of polyaniline because of the moderate dependence of the conductivity on the acid concentration or pH. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

油层润湿性对测井计算的含水饱和度的影响

根据对塔里木盆地某储层岩心样品洗油后及老化后的岩电实验及润湿性测量结果研究表明，老化前后储层岩样的润湿性有明显改变，且反映其电学性质的饱和度指数差别很大。根据Ｌ油田某油基泥浆取心井测井计算的含水饱和度和岩心分析的含水饱和度对比，表明油藏润湿性的变化对测井计算的含水饱和度有较大影响，所以，利用测井资料研究油藏饱和度一定要考虑油层润湿性的影响。     

苏里格桃X区块气藏储层的解水锁剂研究

目的随着苏里格气田规模化开发,开采过程中因水锁效应导致的低产低效气井逐年增多,针对苏里格桃X区块生产需求和气藏水锁问题,进行气井储层水锁伤害解除技术对策研究。 方法通过开展室内药剂研究,采用氟碳类和两性离子型表面活性剂、润湿反转剂等体系复配 研制出适合该区块的解水锁剂。 结果苏里格桃X区块渗透率极低,平均含水饱和度45%左右,水锁指数小于0.3,水锁强度中等偏强。解水锁剂能够使岩心的润湿性由亲水逐渐变得疏水,接触角增大10°,有效改变了岩石润湿性且能够降低储层流体界面张力,储层渗透率最终能够恢复至原来的93.86%,现场试验后单井日均增产0.409 7×10⁴ m³。 结论该体系解水锁剂适用于研究区块,能有效解决气井水锁问题。      

粘胶基碳纤维连续式电化学氧化表面处理（1）：碳纤维表面的物理 …

本文报道了用连续式电化学氧化表面处理粘胶基碳纤维表面,并测定了处理后碳纤维的单丝强度,表面浸润性,表面活性官能团含量及表面形貌等表面物理化学性能。结果表明：粘胶基碳纤维经电化学氧化表面处理可以有效地在表面主生活性官能团和提高表面粗糙度,从而有效地提高表面润湿性,但经处理后单丝强度较易下降,因此需精确控制处理的条件。     

On the challenges of measuring interfacial characteristics of three‐phase fluid flow with x‐ray microtomography

Synchrotron‐based x‐ray computed microtomography contributes high‐resolution, three‐dimensional observations to investigations of multiphase fluid transport in porous media. Pore‐scale observations are valuable to the development and validation of new theory, as well as numerical models. Computed microtomography has been used previously to measure fluid content and interfacial areas in systems containing two fluids (air–water, oil–water) and to a limited extent to measure fluid content and entrapped fluid morphology in systems containing three fluids (air–oil–water). This study addresses challenges that arise when imaging three‐phase flow in spreading systems. The first challenge is related to wettability alteration. Observations reported herein suggest that the wettability of solid surfaces changed over the course of a three‐fluid phase flow experiment, a phenomenon that has not been observed in similar, previously conducted two‐fluid phase experiments. Follow‐up experiments showed that wettability alteration is significant when oil–solid contact is combined with x‐ray exposure, and is not reversed with a conventional cleaning procedure. The second challenge arises in segmenting three‐phase images, and thereby obtaining data from which various measures can be quantified with sufficient accuracy. Partial volume effects and blur often cause the grey‐scale values of different fluids to overlap and appropriate steps must be taken to avoid ambiguity at phase boundaries. A comparison of images collected at standard resolution (10.6 microns voxel^–1) to those collected at a higher resolution (5.3 microns voxel^–1) showed that saturation measurements are within 5% of each other, but interfacial areas for three‐phase systems may be underestimated at standard resolution by as much as 25%.     

Sb含量对Sn-Bi系焊料性能的影响(英文)

研究Sb元素含量对Sn-Bi系焊料性能的影响。通过差示扫描量热法研究Sn-Bi-Sb焊料的熔化行为。采用铺展实验研究焊料在Cu基板上的润湿性。测试Sn-Bi-Sb/Cu结合界面的力学性能。结果表明:三元合金中含有包共晶反应形成的共晶组织,随着Sb含量的增加,共晶组织增多;在加热速率为5°C/min的条件下,三元合金显示出更高的熔点和更宽的熔程;添加少量Sb对Sb-Bi系焊料的铺展率有影响;在焊料铺展过程中形成反应过渡层,反应过渡层中存在Sb元素而无Bi元素,过渡层厚度随着Sb元素含量的增加而增大。Sn-Bi-Sb焊料的剪切强度随着Sb元素含量的增加而升高。     

Sn-Ag-Cu系无铅钎料的研究进展

综合评论近几年国内外Sn-Ag-Cu系无铅钎料的研究现状,探讨Bi、In、Zn、AL、Mg、Ni、Ge、Sb等合金元素、稀土元素、纳米颗粒对Sn-Ag-Cu系无铅钎料的润湿性能、熔化特性、力学性能和显微组织的影响,简述无铅钎料在研究过程中存在的问题和解决方法,为今后更好的研究提供理论依据。     

等离子体处理后的毛织物壳聚糖抗菌整理

经壳聚糖整理的精纺呢绒具有一定的抗菌性，但耐洗牢度并不理想。采用等离子体预处理后再经壳聚糖整理，可使精纺呢绒具有较好的抗菌性和耐洗涤性，显著改善织物的润湿性，且不影响折皱回复性和断裂强力。     

酶精练对棉针织物润湿性的影响

研究了果胶酶、纤维素酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶在棉针织物酶精练中润湿性的影响，结果表明：仅使用果胶酶精练织物润湿性较差，果胶酶与纤维素酶协同作用能一定程度上改善棉织物的润湿性，蛋白酶和脂肪酶对棉织物的润湿性改善较小，氧漂和萃取也能提高织物的润湿性。     

石英表面润湿性处理剂的研制及评价

室内微观物理模型实验大多是进行各种驱油体系驱油效果的对比评价,对微观孔隙结构模型润湿性的控制技术研究相对较少,而微观孔隙结构模型是研究不同化学驱油体系微观驱油机理的基础,所以研究微观孔隙结构模型的润湿性控制技术尤为重要。通过筛选合适的化学材料,成功研制了具有纳米级别并且能在平面石英玻璃模型上与水形成一定范围接触角的润湿性处理剂,并能够制作出不同润湿性要求的微观孔隙结构模型。对研制的材料进行了酸、碱、盐及蒸馏水的耐腐蚀性评价,结果表明,制备的润湿性处理剂具有良好的耐腐蚀性。