两种机械通气方式在兔海水型肺水肿中的应用比较

目的　观察不同通气方式对海水淹溺型肺水肿的救治作用。方法　应用常规机械通气和高频喷射通气对 4 2只海水淹溺型肺水肿兔进行分组救治。不同时间点观察血气分析、呼吸动力学、血流动力学、肺损伤指标 ,并进行病理学检查和观察存活时间。结果　两种通气方式治疗后血氧分压、血氧饱和度、二氧化碳分压均较未治疗组有明显改善 (P <0 .0 1) ,呼吸动力学、血流动力学异常得到一定程度纠正 ,肿瘤坏死因子 α、肺泡灌洗液中性粒细胞计数等肺损伤指标也显示通气治疗后肺损伤情况减轻。两种通气方式之间比较显示常规机械通气较高频喷射通气治疗能更好地改善海水淹溺型肺水肿时的低氧情况。结论　常规机械通气和高频喷射通气治疗海水淹溺型肺水肿时低氧血症均取得满意效果 ,并减轻了肺损伤的程度。     

大鼠烧伤合并海水浸泡早期体液变化特点的实验研究

目的　用动物模型方法研究烧伤合并海水浸泡早期损伤机理和特点。方法　Wistar大鼠 175只 ,雄性 ,体重 2 0 6～ 2 90g。动物模型 :制造 30 %深Ⅱ°烧伤。海水浸泡方法 :水温 2 0℃～ 2 2℃。大鼠缚于固定板上 ,双前肢以下浸泡于海水中。分组 :正常对照组 :n =15 ;单纯烧伤组 :n =5 0 ;烧伤 +浸泡海水 2h组 :n =5 0。烧伤 +浸泡海水 3h组 :n =40 ;烧伤 +浸泡海水 4h组 :n =2 0。观测指标 :死亡率统计、渗透压、血常规、血生化。结果　死亡率 :普通烧伤组为 6 %,烧伤 +浸泡 2h为 10 %,烧伤 +浸泡 3h为 2 5 %,烧伤 +浸泡 4h为 5 0 %;血浆晶体渗透明显升高 ,浸泡时间越长 ,渗透压升高越明显 ;海水浸泡烧伤的血液生化改变较普通烧伤明显 ,以血氯、血糖和酶类升高较大 ;酸中毒严重且持续时间长 ;血管通透性增加持续时间明显延长。结论　①大鼠烧伤合并海水浸泡死亡率明显高于普通烧伤并随浸泡时间延长而增加。②酸中毒相当严重且持续时间长。③血液生化指标变化剧烈 ,内脏继发损伤更严重。④血浆晶体渗透压升高明显。⑤血管通透性增加持续时间延长 1倍 (达到 16h)。     

应用右旋糖酐40和聚维酮碘减轻腹腔海水浸泡伤术后肠粘连的实验研究

目的；观察右旋糖酐40和聚维酮碘预防腹腔海水浸泡伤术后肠粘连的效果。方法：建立腹腔海水浸泡伤动物模型，观察对照组，右旋糖酐40组，聚维酮碘组及右旋糖酐40加聚维酮碘组处理术后肠粘连发生率的变化。结果：右旋糖酐40组和聚维酮碘组动物术后肠粘连发生率显著低于对照组（P＜0．05），而右旋糖酐40与聚维酮碘组术后肠粘连发生率显著低于以上三组（P＜0．05）。结论：右旋糖酐40与聚维酮碘有减轻机体腹腔海水浸泡伤术后肠粘发生的作用，二者合用能协同减轻机体术后肠粘连的发生。     

An automated marine biomonitoring system for assessing water quality in real-time

On-line behavioural monitoring systems are nowadays a common tool in ecotoxicological research. Although applied successfully to freshwater species, they are rarely used in the marine field. Here we present first results about the Marine On-line Biomonitor System (MOBS), a new automatic system for recording behavioural responses of marine and freshwater species. Low power electrical signals are modulated by the behavioural activities of the organisms and then monitored, processed and analysed in real-time. We applied this system to two marine fish species, seabream (Sparus aurata) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), and studied their behavioural responses at an acute hypoxic test condition (2 mg O2 l(-1)). The tests were performed for 15 min in small test chambers with isolated fish as well as in large aquaria with groups of six fish. In both cases, MOBS recorded significant alterations in their behaviour: isolated juvenile seabream increased their ventilation frequency (VF) in average by 20%, and grouped fish decreased their swimming activities by 40%. In contrast, isolated juvenile turbot responded to hypoxia with a 36% lower VF. The consequences for data interpretation based on tests for individual fish or groups of fish are discussed.     

Characterization of Antarctic psychrotrophic bacteria with antibacterial activities against terrestrial microorganisms

Five-hundreds and eighty bacterial strains, isolated from various Antarctic marine sources and locations, were screened for antimicrobial activity against terrestrial microorganisms. Twenty-two Antarctic isolates (3.8%), mainly retrieved from the water column at Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea), expressed antagonistic activity against one to three indicator organisms. Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis resulted as the more susceptible, followed by Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis. None of the isolates inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica and the eukaryotic fungus Candida albicans.Active Antarctic isolates, identified by 16S rDNA sequencing and phenotypically characterized by classical methods, were phylogenetically affiliated to the Actinobacteria (16 strains) and the gamma-Proteobacteria (6 strains). Inhibition patterns, as well as phenotypic characteristics, highly vary for different isolates, even though they were affiliated to the same genus or closely related to the identical microorganism retrieved from the database, suggesting that these features were more likely strain-rather than species-specific.Results obtained from the present study confirm previous observations and highlight the potentiality of Antarctic marine bacteria as novel source of antibacterial substances.     

107例海水淹溺者危险因素及其归因度分析

目的 探讨海水淹溺的相关危险因素并进行归因危险度评价.方法 采用1:2配对病例对照研究方法,对大梅沙海滩107例海水淹溺患者进行行为和环境危险因素调查,综合评价危险因素在海水淹溺发生中的归因危险度.结果 单因素和多因素条件Logistic回归分析显示,海水淹溺与4种因素有关:深夜游泳、身体状况差、不会游泳和不熟悉海域风浪变化.4种危险因素调整人群归因危险度(ARc%)分别为28.3%、23.6%、21.1%和10.7%,综合人群归因危险度(SAR)为51.7%.结论 在海水淹溺防治中,应将引导游泳人群改变不良行为、提高游泳培训的普及率、及时通报海域的变化情况、加大海滩的管理力度等作为重要的预防策略.     

海水浸泡对烧伤犬止血功能的影响

目的探讨海水浸泡对烧伤犬止血功能的影响和及其机制.方法健康成年杂种犬20只,体重12～15kg,建立Ⅱ度烧伤犬模型,随机分二组非浸泡组(C组)和海水浸泡组(Ⅰ组),每组10只.Ⅰ组在海水中浸泡4 h后捞出,C组不浸泡海水.分别检测伤前(T0)、伤后4 h(T1)、7 h(T2)、10h(T3)、20 h(T4)、28 h(T5)混合静脉血中循环内皮细胞(CEC)计数和血浆组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)、纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物(PAI-1)、血栓素B2(TXB2)和6-酮-前列腺素1α(6-K-PGF1α)的浓度,并计算TXB2/6-K-PGF1α比值.伤后28 h处死犬,取肺组织,在光镜下观察肺组织病理改变.结果CEC计数与T0比较,C组T1～3、Ⅰ组T1～5时增加(P＜0.01或0.05);Ⅰ组T1～5时高于C组(P＜0.01或0.05).TXB2/6-K-PGF1α比值与T0比较,C组T1～2、Ⅰ组T1～5时增高(P＜0.01或0.05);Ⅰ组T1～5时高于C组(P＜0.01或0.05).t-PA浓度与T0比较,C组T1～2、Ⅰ组T1～5时下降(P＜0.01或0.05);Ⅰ组T1～3时低于C组(P＜0.05).PAI-1浓度与T0比较,C组T1、Ⅰ组T1-4时升高(P＜0.01或0.05),Ⅰ组T1～4时高于C组(P＜0.05).C组可见肺泡毛细血管及小血管轻度充血,未见血栓形成;Ⅰ组可见广泛的血管内血栓形成,大量的红细胞及白细胞沉积.结论海水浸泡可导致烧伤后血管内皮细胞损伤加重,止血功能进一步紊乱.     

左氧氟沙星壳聚糖缓释微球对海水浸泡创伤的初期治疗结果

目的:通过动物实验,了解左氧氟沙星壳聚糖微球对早期海水浸泡创伤的初期治疗结果。方法:建立兔软组织海水浸泡伤模型。比较对照组(n=8)和局部应用左氧氟沙星壳聚糖微球组(n=8)于海水浸泡前和浸泡结束后6、12、24、48、72h创伤局部菌落计数、血浆内毒素、局部组织和血浆TNF鄄α浓度。结果:自浸泡后6h起,对照组菌落数量显著高于微球组(P<0.01)。海水浸泡后,两组血浆内毒素水平均呈明显上升趋势;但于浸泡后6h起应用缓释微球组者,血浆内毒素水平显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。在海水浸泡后,两组TNF鄄α均呈明显上升趋势;但自浸泡后6h起,微球组局部组织TNF鄄α浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);12h时微球组血浆TNF鄄α浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:海水浸泡伤局部应用缓释制剂者,可发挥控制局部炎症反应、减轻局部伤道组织的继发损伤的作用。     

Pathological study of rabbits＇ femoral arteries subjected to gunshot wounds combining with seawater immersion

To investigate pathological characteristics of gunshot wounds concomitant seawater immersion in rabbits‘ femoral arteries. Methods: Thirty rabbits were divided randomly into 3 groups: simple gunshot-wound group (Group Ⅰ, n = 10), gunshot wound with seawater immersion for 30 mins (Group Ⅱ, n = 10), and 60 mins group (Group Ⅲ, n =10). Femoral arteries were impacted by 0.38 g steel spheres fired with a 7.62 mm rifle. After being wounded, rabbits in Groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were immersed in seawater for 30 or 60 mins, but those in Group I were not. At 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 hours following injury, a 40 mm segment of the artery on each side of the gunshot point were excised and observed by light and electron microscopy. Results : The potterns of arterial injuries were mainly contusion and transection. Completely transected artery was classified as primary-wound-tract area, contused area and shocked area. Compared with those in Group Ⅰ, the primary-wound-tract and contused areas in Group Ⅱ manifested obvious swelling in the arterial wall especially at the outside 2/3 of the media. Vacuolar structures were often seen in smooth muscle cells of the media. Intercellular space among the smooth muscle cells were filled with homogeneous acidophilic substances. Deep rugae among endothelial cells flattened or rugal folds lost their longitudinal orientation, and marked fibrin and platelet deposition were noticed. No significant difference was detected between Group Ⅱ and Ⅲ. The pathological changes in the shocked area were similar in 3 groups. Conclusions : For gunshot wounds concomitant seawater immersion in rabbits‘ femoral arteries, there was a marked swelling of cells and intercellular space in primary-wound-tract area and contusion area. The influence of these pathological changes on surgical reparation deservers further study.     

Surgical treatment for rabbits' femoral arteries subjected to gunshot wounds combining with seawater immersion

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