海水浸泡踝膝关节开放损伤的治疗

目的：探讨海水浸泡踝、膝关节开放损伤的治疗。方法：自1986-02～2003-0l，海水浸泡踝、膝关节开放损伤共4l例47个关节，均于彻底清创后关节内骨折复位内固定、一期闭合创面、一期行局部皮瓣或肌皮瓣转移修复关节周围软组织明显缺损。结果：皮瓣或肌皮瓣全部存活。创部Ⅱ／甲愈合25个关节(占51．2％)，Ⅱ／乙愈合18个关节(占38．3％)，仅4个关节出现感染征象(占8．5％)。随访6个月～16年10个月，关节内骨折均愈合，踝、膝关节功能恢复满意，膝关节功能优6例，良4例，可l例；踝关节功能优14例，良8例，可l例，差l例。但是，伤后5～7年以上者匀出现不同程度的关节退变表现。结论：海水浸泡时间不超过2h、伤后时间在6～8h以内的踝、膝关节开放损伤，均可于彻底清创后一期处理关节内骨折和闭合创面，局部皮瓣或肌皮瓣转移修复软组织缺损是可行的。     

Estival Distribution of Dissolved Metal Concentrations in Liaodong Bay

ABSTACT: The temporal and spatial distributions of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd in surface water of the Liaodong Bay were studied based on samples collected at 16 sites in June and August from 2001 to 2005. The temporal distribution showed decreasing trends. The concentrations of dissolved metals in the Liaodong Bay were 4.34, 3.21, 31.54, and 0.995 mug/L for Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd, respectively. Cu and Pb were scattered near the estuaries, and Zn and Cd were mainly found near the Wuli River. Rivers were the main metals pollution sources in the Bay.     

Effects of short-term acid and aluminum exposure on the parr-smolt transformation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): disruption of seawater tolerance and endocrine status

Episodic acidification resulting in increased acidity and inorganic aluminum (Al_i) is known to interfere with the parr-smolt transformation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and has been implicated as a possible cause of population decline. To determine the extent and mechanism(s) by which short-term acid/Al exposure compromises smolt development, Atlantic salmon smolts were exposed to either control (pH 6.7–6.9) or acid/Al (pH 5.4–6.3, 28–64 μg l⁻¹ Al_i) conditions for 2 and 5 days, and impacts on freshwater (FW) ion regulation, seawater (SW) tolerance, plasma hormone levels and stress response were examined. Gill Al concentrations were elevated in all smolts exposed to acid/Al relative to controls confirming exposure to increased Al_i. There was no effect of acid/Al on plasma ion concentrations in FW however, smolts exposed to acid/Al followed by a 24 h SW challenge exhibited greater plasma Cl⁻ levels than controls, indicating reduced SW tolerance. Loss of SW tolerance was accompanied by reductions in gill Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase (NKA) activity and Na⁺,K⁺,2Cl⁻ (NKCC) cotransporter protein abundance. Acid/Al exposure resulted in decreased plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and 3,3′,5′-triiodo-l-thyronine (T₃) levels, whereas no effect of treatment was seen on plasma cortisol, growth hormone (GH), or thyroxine (T₄) levels. Acid/Al exposure resulted in increased hematocrit and plasma glucose levels in FW, but both returned to control levels after 24 h in SW. The results indicate that smolt development and SW tolerance are compromised by short-term exposure to acid/Al in the absence of detectable impacts on FW ion regulation. Loss of SW tolerance during short-term acid/Al exposure likely results from reductions in gill NKA and NKCC, possibly mediated by decreases in plasma IGF-I and T₃.     

Integrative approach to osmoregulatory action of atrial natriuretic peptide in seawater eels

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) reduces plasma Na+ concentration and promotes seawater (SW) adaptation in SW eels. However, little is known about the mechanisms for the hyponatremic effect of ANP. In order to evaluate the role of ANP in the whole-body Na+ homeostasis of marine teleost, we reviewed previous in vivo experiments using exogenously administered ANP and present additional experiments to assess the role of endogenous ANP in Na+ homeostasis in conscious SW eels. The Na+ influx and efflux rate across the body surfaces including the gills measured with isotopic 22Na were not altered by the hyponatremic dose (5 pmol kg-1 min-1) of ANP infusion in SW eels. ANP infusion also had no effect on renal Na+ excretion in SW eels. In contrast, ANP strongly inhibited drinking, and the inhibition was quantitatively correlated with the hyponatremic effect of ANP. Further, intestinal absorption of Na+ was inhibited by ANP as examined in situ using intestinal sac in conscious SW eels. The combined inhibitory actions of ANP on drinking and intestinal absorption were sufficient to explain the decrease in plasma Na+ concentration. In addition, removal of endogenous circulating ANP by immunoneutralization increased plasma Na+ concentration with a concomitant increase in drinking rate in SW eels. These results strongly suggest that endogenous ANP is involved in the hyponatremic regulation through actions on drinking, and probably on intestine, in SW eels.     

碰撞池ICP-MS测定近海海水中的Cr、As、Se、Cd、Cu、Zn、Hg和Pb

目的:建立碰撞池ICP-MS测定近海海水中Cr、As、Se、Cd、Cu、Zn、Hg和Pb的分析方法。方法:样品用0.2%HNO3 0.2 mg/L Au溶液稀释5倍后直接用碰撞池ICP-MS进行分析,用耐高盐接口和内标法消除非质谱干扰,用碰撞池技术消除质谱干扰。结果:方法的检出限为0.005~0.03 ng/m l,精密度为0.5%~2.6%,回收率为96.0%~105%,对3个标准参考物质的分析结果令人满意。结论:可以采用碰撞池ICP-MS测定近海海水中Cr、As、Se、Cd、Cu、Zn、Hg和Pb,方法检出限低,并且简单、快速和准确,适用于实验室日常分析。     

17β-Estradiol administration attenuates seawater aspiration-induced acute lung injury in rats

There is very little evidence on the value of administering estrogen in cases of seawater drowning which can induce acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether 17β-estradiol (E2) treatment can attenuate seawater aspiration-induced ALI in rats. In the experiment, ALI was induced by endotracheal instillation of seawater (4 mL/kg) and the rats were then given intraperitoneal injection of E2 (5 mg/kg) 20 min after seawater instillation. Finally, the changes of arterial blood gases which contained hydrogen ion concentration (pH), arterial oxygen tension (PaO₂) and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO₂) were measured and the measurement of extravascular lung water (EVLW) was observed. The pulmonary histological changes were evaluated by hematoxylin–eosin stain. The expression of aquaporins (AQPs) 1, AQP5, and estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) was measured by western blotting and immunohistochemical methods. The results showed that compared with normal saline water, seawater aspiration induced more serious ALI in rats which was markedly alleviated by E2 treatment. Meanwhile, the ERβ in lung tissues was activated after E2 administration. The seawater aspiration group also presented with severe pulmonary edema which was paralleled with over expressed AQP1 and AQP5. However, the up-regulation of AQP1 and AQP5 was suppressed by the administration of E2, resulting in an attenuation of lung edema. In conclusion, E2 treatment could effectively attenuate seawater aspiration-induced acute lung injury in rats by the down-regulation of AQP1 and AQP5.     

深圳梅沙海滨浴场近年海水卫生状况分析

目的通过调查监测梅沙两处海滨浴场的水质卫生状况及分析影响因素，为两处海滨浴场发展和制定管理策略提供依据。方法根据国家标准《海洋监测规范第4部分：海水分析》（GB17378—2007），对大梅沙和小梅沙浴场范围的海水进行了采样分析，着重监测大肠杆菌、粪大肠杆菌等卫生指标；按国家标准《海水水质标准》（GB3097—1997）评价其海水水质。结果两处海水质量总体上处于良好的状态，符合国家Ⅱ类海水水质标准；但在夏秋旅游旺季由于游客的增多和天气影响而卫生质量下降，特别是接待游客量多的大梅沙浴场；相比之下小梅沙水质比大梅沙保持得好。结论大、小梅沙海水浴场水质状况良好，其中小梅沙浴场水质优于大梅沙；两处浴场2007年的水质卫生指标比上年有改善；在旅游旺季游客量激增，需要采取相应措施控制游客量和防治污染。     

海水浸泡火器伤失活肌组织的外科判定标准

目的　探讨外科标准“4C”(颜色、致密度、收缩性、出血 )在判定海水浸泡肢体火器伤失活肌组织的可靠性。方法　以滑膛枪发射质量为 0 .2 5 g、速度为 6 0 0～ 80 0 m/ s钢球击中兔后肢 ,将致伤兔浸泡于人工海水中 30～ 6 0 min后出水。伤后 6～ 8h以“4C”标准分级判定肌组织活力 ,并运用图象分析技术 ,观察损伤组织显微病理改变与“4C”标准之间的关系。结果　 χ2 检验显示“4C”标准中与失活组织的密切程度依次为 :收缩性、出血、致密度 ,而颜色与肌组织活力无关。病理观察显示肌组织变性、坏死 ,尤以肌间隙肿胀明显。结论　判定海水浸泡火器伤失活组织主要依据肌组织的收缩性、出血与致密度的变化。     

还原型谷胱甘肽联合甘草酸二铵对腹部开放伤后海水浸泡犬肝功能损伤的治疗作用

Objective To investigate effect of reduced glutathione and diammonium glycyrrhizinate on the treatment of hepatic damage in experimental dogs following open abdominal injuries coupled with seawater immersion. Methods Twenty-four dogs with open abdominal injuries were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control group (given with simple observation after 1.5 h seawater immersion); the routine treatment group (given routine care and fluid transfusion after 1.5 h seawater immersion) ; the hepatic treatment group (given routine are, fluid transfusion and hepatic treatment as well, after 1.5 h seawater immersion). Each group consisted of 8 dogs. Blood samples were taken at different time points to measure total bilirubin (TB), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), prothromin time (PT), endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and pathological examination was also made at the same time. Results For the control group, contents of TB, ALT, AST and LDH increased significantly and survival time was less than 24 hours. Contents of TB, ALT, AST and LDH of the routine treatment group also increased significantly, but survival time of all the experimental animals was mere than 24 hours. Reduced glutathione and diammonium glycyrrhizinate could reduce the extent of lesion quite significantly 12～24 hours following open abdominal injuries. Conclusions Reduced glutathione and diammonium glycyrrhizinate seemed to have good effects on the treatment and prevention against hepatic damage induced by trauma coupled with seawater immersion. It could be used as a primary means for the treatment of such kind of hepatic damage.     

107例海水淹溺者危险因素及其归因度分析

目的 探讨海水淹溺的相关危险因素并进行归因危险度评价.方法 采用1:2配对病例对照研究方法,对大梅沙海滩107例海水淹溺患者进行行为和环境危险因素调查,综合评价危险因素在海水淹溺发生中的归因危险度.结果 单因素和多因素条件Logistic回归分析显示,海水淹溺与4种因素有关:深夜游泳、身体状况差、不会游泳和不熟悉海域风浪变化.4种危险因素调整人群归因危险度(ARc%)分别为28.3%、23.6%、21.1%和10.7%,综合人群归因危险度(SAR)为51.7%.结论 在海水淹溺防治中,应将引导游泳人群改变不良行为、提高游泳培训的普及率、及时通报海域的变化情况、加大海滩的管理力度等作为重要的预防策略.