老年人一次多个牙拔除的体会

目的：通过对60岁以上老年人进行局麻下一次多个牙拔除的临床观察，研究老年病人安全、有效的一次多个牙拔除方法。方法：将心理治疗手段用于拔牙全过程，结合无痛麻醉、快速拔牙技术，进行老年人患牙的一次性拔除。结果：59例病人进行无监测局麻下拔牙，除个别病人出现短暂的头晕、心慌外，所有病人均顺利完成拔牙手术。结论：当老年人无全身性疾病或处于心血管疾病的相对稳定期时，都可以经受一次多个牙的拔除。     

Immediate implant placement with transmucosal healing in areas of aesthetic priority. A multicentre randomized-controlled clinical trial I. Surgical outcomes

OBJECTIVES: To compare the clinical outcomes of standard, cylindrical, screw-shaped to novel tapered, transmucosal (Straumann Dental implants immediately placed into extraction sockets. Material and methods: In this randomized-controlled clinical trial, outcomes were evaluated over a 3-year observation period. This report deals with the need for bone augmentation, healing events, implant stability and patient-centred outcomes up to 3 months only. Nine centres contributed a total of 208 immediate implant placements. All surgical and post-surgical procedures and the evaluation parameters were discussed with representatives of all centres during a calibration meeting. Following careful luxation of the designated tooth, allocation of the devices was randomly performed by a central study registrar. The allocated SLA titanium implant was installed at the bottom or in the palatal wall of the extraction socket until primary stability was reached. If the extraction socket was >or=1 mm larger than the implant, guided bone regeneration was performed simultaneously (Bio Oss and BioGide. The flaps were then sutured. During non-submerged transmucosal healing, everything was done to prevent infection. At surgery, the need for augmentation and the degree of wound closure was verified. Implant stability was assessed clinically and by means of resonance frequency analysis (RFA) at surgery and after 3 months. Wound healing was evaluated after 1, 2, 6 and 12 weeks post-operatively. RESULTS: The demographic data did not show any differences between the patients receiving either standard cylindrical or tapered implants. All implants yielded uneventful healing with 15% wound dehiscences after 1 week. After 2 weeks, 93%, after 6 weeks 96%, and after 12 weeks 100% of the flaps were closed. Ninety percent of both implant designs required bone augmentation. Immediately after implantation, RFA values were 55.8 and 56.7 and at 3 months 59.4 and 61.1 for cylindrical and tapered implants, respectively. Patient-centred outcomes did not differ between the two implant designs. However, a clear preference of the surgeon's perception for the appropriateness of the novel-tapered implant was evident. CONCLUSIONS: This RCT has demonstrated that tapered or standard cylindrical implants yielded clinically equivalent short-term outcomes after immediate implant placement into the extraction socket.     

正畸治疗中磨牙的拔除和保留(二十二)——拔除磨牙矫治偏(牙合)

目的:分析偏的成因,探讨拔除磨牙矫治偏的方法和临床疗效。方法:选择设计拔除磨牙矫治的6例骨性偏病例,男2例,女4例,年龄15～24岁,口腔检查存在明显的颜面不对称,功能性偏的特征不明显。均采用直丝弓矫治器,矫治时间12～25个月,平均17个月。结果:所有病例矫治结束后均建立磨牙中性关系和前牙正常覆覆盖关系。颜面不对称改善明显。结论:拔除磨牙对偏的矫治效果良好。     

医生技术因素在下颌第三磨牙拔除术中的作用

目的：明确医生技术因素和下颌第三磨牙拔除术后并发症之间的关系。方法：利用前瞻随机的设计方法，将患者分别分配到学员组和医生组，术后7d来复诊，并记录患者拔牙创异常出血、张口受限和干槽症等并发症的发病情况，最后做相关的统计处理。结果：学员组患者的拔牙创异常出血和张口受限并发症明显高于医生组，但在干槽症的发病率上两组之间无显著差异。结论：应该提高医生的拔牙操作技术，争取减少术后并发症。     

Effect of grafting materials on osseointegration of dental implants surrounded by circumferential bone defects. An experimental study in the dog

Aims: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of gap width and graft placement on bone healing around implants placed into simulated extraction sockets in the mandibles of four beagle dogs. Materials and methods: Four Ti‐Unite^® implants (13 mm × 3.3 mm) were placed on each side of the mandible. Three implants were surrounded by a 1.35 mm circumferential and a 5 mm deep gap around the coronal portion of the implants. A fourth implant was inserted conventionally into both sides of the mandibles as a positive control. The gaps were filled with either Bio‐Oss^®, autogenous bone or with a blood clot alone. The study design was balanced for animal, side and modality. Ground sections were prepared from biopsies taken at 3 months, and computer‐aided histometric measurements of bone/implant contact and area of bone within threads were made for the coronal 5 mm. Data were analysed using analysis of variance. Results: The mean bone/implant contact was 9.8 mm for the control and ranged from 9.3 to 11.3 mm for the three test modalities. The corresponding values for area within threads were 1 mm² and 1–1.2 mm². Modality had a significant effect on both bone/implant contact (F=16.9; P<0.0001) and area within threads (F=16.7; P<0.0001). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that both autogenous bone graft and Bio‐Oss^® played an important role in the amount of hard tissue fill and osseointegration occurring within marginal bone defects around implants.     

拔除上颌切牙病例的正畸治疗

目的探讨拔除上颌切牙及下颌双尖牙进行正畸治疗病例的正畸治疗特点。方法采用回顾性研究的方法，对11名由于各种原因需要拔除上颌切牙并同时需要拔除下颌双侧第一双尖牙进行正畸治疗的患者进行研究。用电子游标卡尺进行模型测量，通过模型测量计算Bolton指数分析该类患者拔牙治疗后上下颌牙量的协调性。并通过患者的正畸治疗总结该类患者的治疗特点及矫治要点。结果：该类患者治疗后的Bolton指数分别为前牙比79．71％、后牙比91．75％，虽大于正常均数，但差异不大。11名患者上下颌牙量的不调量在0．5—2．82mm间。结论：拔除上颌切牙及下颌双尖牙治疗的患者，上下颌牙量基本协调，恰当的正畸矫治可以使患者获得良好的矫治效果。     

正畸治疗中磨牙的拔除和保留(三十三)——拔除第三磨牙的矫治设计

目的：探讨主动拔除第三磨牙矫治各类错的效果。方法：选取深圳市儿童医院口腔正畸科就诊的错畸形病例33例,设计主动拔除第三磨牙矫治错,其中男10例,女23例。均采用直丝弓矫治器矫治,分别采用三种支抗控制。结果：全部病例均达到尖牙和磨牙的中性关系,前牙覆覆盖正常,软组织侧貌协调。结论：通过主动拔除第三磨牙矫治错畸形可获得良好的矫治效果,并可保全28个牙齿。     

A prospective clinical study of bone augmentation techniques at immediate implants

The efficacy of combinations of membranes and autogenous bone grafts at immediate implants were compared in a prospective study. Sixty-two consecutively treated patients each received an immediate implant for a single tooth replacement at a maxillary anterior or premolar site. Dimensions of the peri-implant defect at the implant collar were measured as follows: vertical defect height (VDH), horizontal defect depth (HDD) and horizontal defect width (HDW). Each implant randomly received one of five augmentation treatments and were submerged with connective tissue grafts: Group 1 (n=12)--expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane only, Group 2 (n=11)--resorbable polylactide/polyglycolide copolymer membrane only, Group 3 (n=13)--resorbable membrane and autogenous bone graft; Group 4 (n=14)--autogenous bone graft only, and Group 5 (n=12)--no membrane and no bone graft control. At re-entry, all groups showed significant reduction in VDH, HDD and HDW. Comparisons between groups showed no significant differences for VDH (mean 75.4%) and HDD (mean 77%) reduction. Significant differences were observed between groups for HDW reduction (range, 34.1-67.3%), with membrane-treated Groups 1, 2 and 3 showing the greatest reduction. In the presence of dehiscence defects of the labial plate, HDW reduction of 66.6% was achieved with membrane use compared with 37.7% without membranes. Over 50% more labial plate resorption occurred in the presence of a dehiscence defect irrespective of the augmentation treatment used. The results indicate that VDH and HDD reduction at defects adjacent to immediate implants may be achieved without the use of membranes and/or bone grafts.     

氧化亚氮镇静复合神经阻滞麻醉在小儿埋伏牙拔除术中的应用

目的:观察氧化亚氮(N2O,笑气)镇静复合神经阻滞麻醉用于小儿埋伏牙拔除术的临床效果。方法:对64例应用氧化亚氮镇静复合神经阻滞麻醉拔除埋伏牙的小儿进行临床研究,测定笑气吸入前、后及手术中的心率(HR)、血压(BP)和脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2),并进行Ramsay镇静评分,采用t检验数据进行统计学处理。结果:64例小儿均顺利完成拔牙术;吸入前、后和手术中心率、舒张压及脉搏氧相比,P>0.05;吸入前收缩压与吸入后收缩压、吸入前收缩压与术中收缩压相比,P<0.01;而吸入后收缩压与术中收缩压相比P>0.05;吸入前、后和手术中的Ramsay镇静评分相比,P>0.05。结论:氧化亚氮镇静复合神经阻滞麻醉具有很好的镇静作用,对于解除需拔除埋伏牙小儿的恐惧心理有良好的效果。     

拔牙创内植钛衣磁体及其与骨融合生长的动物试验

本试验设计将2.0×2.0×4.0mm长力体磁体外包一层厚0.5mm金属钛,制成3.0×3.0×5.0mm长方体钛衣磁体,置于犬拔牙创内,恢复牙槽嵴外形,牙龈缝合。两周后检查:拔牙创完全愈合,拔牙创部位牙槽嵴丰满,拍牙片示:钛衣磁体周围无骨质吸收及感染。三月后拍牙X片示:钛衣磁体与颌骨融合。前后测磁力强度无明显变化。一年后拍片示钛衣磁体与骨融合生长,测磁力强度稍减弱。本试验共做4只家犬8个牙位,均获得成功,无一牙失败。结论为:①拔牙创内有钛金属支架利于牙龈爬行生长。②磁体产生的磁场对骨生长愈合有促进作用。③颌骨保持原有高度和宽度,有利于义齿修复并有足够的支承力。④义齿基托内放置相应磁体增加其固位,有利于义齿功能。